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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sarcina
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packets of 8 microbes
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do bacterial cell walls contain sterols like eukaryotes?
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no, except for mycoplasmas
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peptidoglycan structure
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NAM - NAG backbone
tetrapeptide interlinkages |
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what part of bacterial growth do lysosomes interfere with?
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glycan backbone
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Gram - cell wall components
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LPS
trimeric porins lipoproteins contains a periplasmic space |
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Divisions of LPS
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O-antigen= attachment site and type determinant
core polysaccharride Lipid A= toxin |
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gram + cell wall components
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thick peptidoglycan
teichoic and lipoteichoic acids = adhesion molecules and have endotoxin like activities |
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Acid fast cell walls
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Mycolic acid
tetrameric porins |
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acid fast stain
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carbol fuchsin - pink, determinant stain
methylene blue- blue counterstain |
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what is the H-antigen?
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the filimentous portion of a flagellum
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what are the adhesion sites of pili made of?
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lectins that bind to sugars
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congugation pili are utilised by which general group of bacteria?
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Gram -
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what is the technical term for "slime layer" or "capsid"?
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glycocalyx- polysaccharide layer
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what is the Quellung reaction used for?
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detection of strep pneumoniae
antibodies that cause the capsule to swell |
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what is the Svedberg unit for bacterial ribosomes? what are the subunits?
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70s
50s & 30s |
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what are the inclusion bodies listed in the lecture?
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Volutin bodies- Pi
PHB bodies- hydroxybuteric acid glycogen granules |
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clinically relevant endospore producers?
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Bacillus
clostridium |
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catalase test is used for?
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differentiation btw staph and strep
staph= cat + strep= cat - |
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what do you use to differentiate btw staph's?
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coagulase activity
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how do you differentiate btw strep's?
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hemolytic activity
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alpha hemolysis
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partially hemolytic (green)
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B-hemolytic
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fully hemolytic (yellow)
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Gamma hemolytic
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not hemolytic
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hyaluronidase
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breaks up hyaluronin in ECM
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nuraminidase
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degrades nuramic acid (syalic)
intercellular cement of GI epithelial cells |
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collagenase
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breaks down collagen
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streptokinase and staphylokinase
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fibrinolysins
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endotoxin
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cell wall
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exotoxin
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secretions
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heat liable toxins?
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exotoxins
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Heat stable toxins?
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endotoxin
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a-b exotoxins
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A-attacks the cell
B-binds the cell |
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Type IV SS
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conjugation
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Type V SS
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adhesins
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effects of encapsulation
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protects against phagocytosis, phagolysis, dessication
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bacteriocidal
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kills microbes
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bacteriostatic
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inhibits growth of microbes
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Emperical therapy
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predicts sensitivity to antimicrobials
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Rational therapy
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antimicrobials given to fight specific, known microbe
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prophylactic
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to prevent infection
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synthetic, penicillinase resistant penicillins
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Narrow spec (G+)
flucloxacillin dicloxacillin (both replaced methacillin) |
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synthetic, extended spectrum penicillins
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G-, some G+
amoxicillin Ampicillin |
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anti-pseudomonal penicillins
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G- rods, some G+
P. aeruginosa Piperacillin Ticaracillin |
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1st generation Cephalosporins
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narrow spec
Gram positive cocci some G- enterics |
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second generation cephalosporins
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extended spectrum
more G- fewer G+ |
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3rd generation cephalosporins
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narrow spectrum
G- only increased resistance to B-lactamases some cross the BBB |
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4th gen cephalosporins
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extended spectrum
P. aeruginosa and G+ cocci effective in meningitis parentral (IV or IM) BBB |
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Bacitracin
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G+ and G-
topical (neosporin) |
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Vancomycin
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G+ cocci (esp. Meth resist ones)
used in case of penicillin allergy |
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Cell wall inhibitors
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penicillin
vancomycin bacitracin cephalosporins Augmentin |
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disruption of ell membrane
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polymyxin B
daptomycin |
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polymixin B
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G-
cationic detergent |
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Daptomycin
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G+
S. aureus and B-lactam resist org. toxic to 65+ K+ eflux |
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30s inhibitors
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aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines |
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50s inhibitors
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chloramphenicol
Macrolides clindamycin streptogramins linezolid |
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aminoglycosides
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broad spectrum (often for enterics)
irreversible 30s binding streptomycin amikacin gentamicin |
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Tetrocycline
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broad spec, bacteriostatic
do not give to children reversible 30s binding Tetra doxy mino demeclo |
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chloramphenicol
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poor selective toxicity
broad spec, bacteriostatic used for: RMSF typhoid meningiococcal infect |
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macrolides
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broad spec, bacterostatic
erythro clarithro azithro telithro |
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clindamycin
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bacteriostatic, G+ cocci anaerobes
most effective against becteroides |
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streptogramins
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bacteriocidal w/ both
G+ E. faecium MRSA |
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linezolid
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G+
safe |
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inhibitors of DNA
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rifampin
fluoroquinolone Metronidozol |
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Rifampin
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bacteriocidal
M. tuberculois G+ cocci inhibits RNA polym |
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fluoroquinolones
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broad spec, enterococci and G- aerobes
inhibits DNA gyrase Cipro and Norfloxacin |
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metronidazole
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narrow spec, anaerobes and protozoans
cytotoxic to DNA |
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antimetabolites
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sulfonamides
trimethoprim dapsone isoniazid |
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sulfonamides
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broad spec, bacteriostatic
PABA analogs inhibits folic acid synth by dihydropteroate synthase |
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trimethoprim
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bacteriostatic
analog of dihydrofolic acid inhibits folic acid synth |
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Dapsone
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bacteriostatic
leprosy pneumocystis carinii hepatotoxic |
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Isoniazid
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bacteriocidal
tuberculosis analog of nicotinomide and pyridoxamine inhibits mycolic acid synth |
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Nystatin
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polyene antifungal
mucosal candidiasis and GI fungals |
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amphotericin
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polyene antofungal
systemic candidiasis |
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miconazole
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oral gel against fungi and some G+
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Fluconazole
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yeast and fungi treatment
prophylactic for candidiasis infections in HIV Pts |
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Itraconazole
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broad spec antifungal and aspergillus
inhibits fungal p450 synth of ergosterol |
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Terbinafine
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(lamisil)
topical or tablet(toxic) anti-dermatophyte (parasitic fungi) |
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Echinocandins
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penicillin of antifungals
systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis |
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inhibitors of PG synth by binding transpeptidase
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penicillins and
cephalosporins |
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inhibitor of cell wall synth by interacting with D-ala D-ala termini
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vancomycin
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inhibits cell wall synth by interfering with the lipid carrier that xports peptidoglycan precursors
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bacitracin
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cationic detergents that disrupt cell membrane
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polymyxins
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bind cell membrane and lead to K+ efflux
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daptomycin
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blocks 30s initiation complex
leads to mistranslation of protein |
aminoglycocides
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binds 30s and prevents aminoacyl-tRNA from binding
stops protein synth |
tetracyclines
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targets 50s and interferes with peptidyl transferase
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chloramphenicol
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mech of action for macrolides
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50s
block initiation |
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mech for clindamycin
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50s
blocks acyl-tRNA inhibits subunit binding (30 and 50) |
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mech for streptogramins
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irreversible binding of 50s
inhibits protein synth |
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mech for linezolide
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50s
inhibits subunit binding |
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mech for rifamycins
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inhibits RNA polymerase
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mech for quinalones
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inhibits DNA gyrase
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mech of metronidazole
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metabolized into toxic substances that disrupt bacterial DNA
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mech of sulfonamides
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PABA analog
inhibits folic acid synth |
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mech of trimethoprim
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inhibits DHF reductase
no THF |
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mech of dapsone
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inhibits folic acid synth
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mech of isoniazid
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inhibits mycolic acid formation
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mech of nystatin & amphotericin
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interacts with sterols and causes leakage
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mech of azoles & terbinafine
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blocks synth of ergosterol
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mech of echinocandins
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blocks production of glucan in fungi
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antibiotics that can cross the BBB
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3rd and 4th gen cephalosporins
cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefdinir, ceftazidime |
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effective in treating MRSA
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vancomycin
streptogramins |
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contraindications for daptomycin
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no lung infections
not in elderly |
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contraindications of tetracyclines
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not in children or pregnant women
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clinical use of dapsone
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leprosy
pneumocystis carnii pneumonia |
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contraindicated use of nystatin
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no systemic use
topical only |
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clinical use of nystatin
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candidiasis
GI fungal infections |
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clinical use of amphotericin
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systemic candidiasis
exotic mycoses |
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penicillin of antifungals
can use systemically |
Echinocandins
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what happens when turbinifine is given in tablet form?
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its toxicity is increased
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clinical use of streptogramins
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G+ cocci
MRSA VR enterococcus |
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clinical use of rifamycins
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
G+ cocci |
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lipoproteins
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G- cell wall components that anchor the outer mem to the PG
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O antigen
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outer portion of LPS
immunogenic adhesion |
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Lipid A
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toxin portion of LPS
endotoxin heat stable |
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trimeric porins
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G-
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tetrameric porins
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acid fast
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teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
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G+ adhesins
endotoxin like |
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Acid fast positive color
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pink
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the tips of fimbrae contain
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lectin
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Volutin
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inorganic phosphate
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PHB
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B-hydroxybuteric acid inclusion bodies of bacteria
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endospore components
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diplocolonic acid
keratin |
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capnophile
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likes high CO2
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fastidious
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finicky
requires additional growth factors |
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halophile
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likes high salt conc
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mesophile
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likes body temp
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neutrophile
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likes neutral pH
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antiseptic
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kills pathogens on living tissue
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biocide
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chem that kills living organisms
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enriched media
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complex media + growth factors
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differential media
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visible change in media
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K antigen
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glycocalyx
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antigenic shift
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recombinant virus
"flu pandmics" |
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antigenic drift
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mutations over time
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phase variation
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turning genes off or on
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gene conversion
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like gene shuffling
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IS features
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150 to 1500 bp
single gene without additional coding regions Inverted repeats direct repeats |
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Tn features
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2 IS
can carry antibiotic resistance AND toxins comes with coding seq AND promoter |
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PAI features
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encode virulence factors
distinct G+C content from host |
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RTF genes
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genes that mediate the transfer of plasmids via conjugation
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HFr cell
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cells that have had plasmid DNA fused within their chromosome
F' |
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enterococcus
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facultative anaerobe
esculin hydrolysis GI |
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how do you differentiate btw staph aureus and staph epi?
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S. a = coag +
S. e = coag - |
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tooth decay
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Strep. mutans
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causitive agent of acne
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Propinobacterium acnes
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does bacteroides have a capsule
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yes
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dry skins important bacterial inhabitants
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S. epidermidis
Micrococcus luteus Corynebacterium P. acnes |
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inportant inhabitants of moist skin
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E. coli
Enterobacter Proteus Klebsiella Acinetobacter |
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common opportunistic pathogen of the nares and perineal regions
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S. aureus
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common opportunistic pathogen of diabetics
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C. perfringens
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common colinizers of the distal urethra
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E. coli
Coryne Proteus |
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pre-pubertal vaginal inhabitants
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Lactobacillus
staph, strep, coryne, e. coli |
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vaginal inhabitants from puberty to menopause
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Lactobacillus
Coryne |
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Oral succession
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S. salivarius
S. mutans and sanguis joined by prevotella, villonella, Fuso |
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infections of oral bacteria in surgical incisions
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Prevotella
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primary bacteria of the GI
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Lactobacillius
Bifidobacterium Bacteroides enterococcus E. coli C. diff |
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90% of bacteria in breast fed infants
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Bifidobacterium
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5 stages of disease
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Incubation
Prodromal acute decline convalescent |
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incubation stage
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entry
No S & S No immune |
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Prodromal
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Early S & S
inate immune contagious |
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acute stage
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charicteristic S & S
adaptive immune sys contagious |
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Decline stage
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S & S dwindle
immune reduced pathogen is cleared or latent not contagious unless carrier |
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opportunistic lung pathogens
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P. aeruginosae
Nocardia |
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UPEC
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Uropathogenic E. coli
has P fimbriae to attach to the kidney |
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MSCRAMMS
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on strep and staph
adhesins that bind ECM |
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A-B exotoxins
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diptheria toxin
tetanus toxin enterotoxin botulinum toxin |
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superantigens
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TSST-1 = S. aureus
SpeA= S. pyogenes LPS |
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exfoliative toxin
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S. aureus
SSS |
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encapsulated pathogen example
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Strep. pneumonia
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intracellular pathogen example
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Rickettsia
Mycobacterium |
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inactivation of antibody examples
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S. aureus = protein A, binds Fc if IgG
Strep. pneumonia = IgA protease |
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inhibitor of compliment
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O antigen of LPS
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example given for streptolysin
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S. pyogenes
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