Microbiology: Test 1

Front 1

what are the 5 I's of microbiology?

Back 1

inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification

Front 2

what does sterile mean?

Back 2

the complete absence of viable microbes

Front 3

what does aseptic refer to?

Back 3

prevention of infection

Front 4

what does pure culture refer to?

Back 4

growth of a single species of microbe

Front 5

what are the three methods of isolating bacteria?

Back 5

-streak plate method
-loop dilution / pour plate
-spread plate

Front 6

what is the only medium suitable for viral cultivation?

Back 6

viruses can only be cultivated in live cells

Front 7

what are some examples of different media?

Back 7

broth, agar, gelatin, rice grains/cooked meat, etc.

Front 8

what are the three physical forms of lab media?

Back 8

liquid, semisolid, solid

Front 9

what the the two chemical forms of lab media?

Back 9

synthetic, nonsynthetic

Front 10

what makes non-synthetic media different than synthetic?

Back 10

nonsynthetic media cannot be represented by an exact chemical formula and may contain substances such as animal extract, ground up cells, tissues, plant or yeast extract, etc.

Front 11

what does is mean for a medium to be synthetic?

Back 11

it means it has a chemically defined composition and the exact chemical formula is known.

Front 12

what is a general purpose medium?

Back 12

designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements. this type of media is nonsynthetic (i.e. it is complex)

examples include broth, nutrient agar, and TSA

Front 13

what is an enriched medium?

Back 13

a medium that contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum or growth factors.

ex: blood agar

Front 14

what is fastidious bacteria?

Back 14

bacteria that require growth factors and complex nutrients.
(enriched medium)

Front 15

what is a selective medium?

Back 15

a medium that contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe or microbes but allows growth of another.

this type of medium is important in primary isolation of a specific type of microbe from a sample contains many- like saliva, soil, etc.

Front 16

what is MSA (mannitol salt agar)?

Back 16

a selective medium that has a high concentration of NaCl which inhibits growth of most human pathogens except staphylococcus.

Front 17

media for isolating intestinal pathogens contain what?

Back 17

bile salts- because bile salts are a component of feces that inhibit most gram-positive bacteria from growing

Front 18

methylene blue and crystal violet inhibit what type of bacteria?

Back 18

gram positive

Front 19

selenite and brilliant green dye are used in media to isolate what?

Back 19

salmonella (from feces)

Front 20

what is sodium azide used to isolate?

Back 20

enterococci (from water and food)

Front 21

what is differential media?

Back 21

a medium that grows several types of microbes but is designed to bring out visible differences among them via variation is color, colony size etc.

Front 22

what is a reducing medium?

Back 22

a medium that contains a substance that absorbs and reduces the availability of oxygen. -important for growing anaerobic bacteria or determining oxygen requirements

Front 23

what is transport media?

Back 23

used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time before clinical analysis, or for very delicate species that require highly stable conditions.

ex: Stuart's and Annie's transport media

Front 24

what is an assay media?

Back 24

used to test effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants, and antiseptics etc.

Front 25

what is enumeration media?

Back 25

used by industrial and environmental microbiologists o count the number of organisms in milk, water, food, soil, etc.

Front 26

what does axenic mean?

Back 26

that a culture is free of other living things except for that being studied... AKA a pure culture

Front 27

what does it mean to subculture?

Back 27

to make a second-level culture from a well isolated colony. -a method to ensure a pure culture.

Front 28

what is a mixed culture?

Back 28

a container that holds two or more easily differentiated species of microbes

Front 29

what are the two key characteristics of a microscope?

Back 29

magnification and resolving power

Front 30

what does the condenser on a scope do?

Back 30

converges, or focuses, rays of light to a single point on the object.

Front 31

how is total magnification calculated?

Back 31

occular X objective = total magnification

Front 32

what forms the "real image" ?

Back 32

the objective lens

Front 33

what forms the "virtual image" ?

Back 33

the ocular lens, which magnifies the real image produced by the objective lens

Front 34

what is resolution or resolving power?

Back 34

the ability to distinguish two objects from one another

Front 35

how is resolving power calculated?

Back 35

RP = wavelength of light/ 2x objective lens

Front 36

what are the longest and shortest visible wavelengths?

Back 36

shortest = violet/blue
longest = red

Front 37

what does the iris diaphragm do?

Back 37

controls the amount of light entering the specimen

Front 38

what is the category of prokaryotes that has peptioglycan in its cell wall?

Back 38

bacteria

Front 39

what are the three parts of a bacterial flagellum?

Back 39

filament, hook(sheath), basal body

Front 40

what are the ways that flagella can be oriented on a bacterium?

Back 40

monotrichous- single flagellum at one end
lophotrichous- several on on one end
amphitrichous- flagella at both ends poles of cell
peritrichous- flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Front 41

what is positive chemotaxis?

Back 41

the movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimuli. made possible by flagella.

Front 42

what is negative chemotaxis?

Back 42

movement away from a chemical repellent. made possible by flagella

Front 43

what are spirochetes?

Back 43

corkscrew shaped bacteria

Front 44

what are fimbriae?

Back 44

small, bristlelike fibers emerging from the surface of many bacteria that tend to stick to one another on adjacent cells. (biofilms)

Front 45

what is a pilus?

Back 45

found only in gram negative bacteria where they are utilized in conjugation.

Front 46

can gram-positive bacteria perform conjugation?

Back 46

no

Front 47

what is glycocalyx?

Back 47

a coating of macromolecules that protects the bacterial cell and may help it adhere to its environment

Front 48

what two forms does glycocalyx come in?

Back 48

slime layer and capsule

Front 49

do bacteria with glycocalyx slime layers or capsules have greater pathogenicity?

Back 49

capsules-protect themselves against phagocytes

Front 50

what color do gram positive bacteria stain? gram negative?

Back 50

+ : purple
- : red

Front 51

what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell envelopes?

Back 51

positive: contains a cell membrane + cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

negative: contains a cell membrane + cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an additional outer membrane

Front 52

what is lysozyme?

Back 52

an enzyme found in tears and saliva that provides a natural defense against certain bacteria by hydrolyzing the bonds in the glycan chains and causing the cell wall to breakdown.

Front 53

a prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is what?

Back 53

gram-positive (purple)

Front 54

what is periplasmic space?

Back 54

the space between cell wall and cell membrane in bacterial cells

Front 55

gram pos. or neg. contains an outer membrane in addition to cell wall and membrane ?

Back 55

negative (red)

Front 56

gram pos. or neg. contains lipoproteins and LPS?

Back 56

neg.

Front 57

what is the composition of bacterial cell membrane?

Back 57

lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Front 58

spirochetes typically have what type of flagellum?

Back 58

periplasmic flagellum

Front 59

what two protein types are found in the outer membrane of gram neg. bacterial cell walls?

Back 59

porins and structural proteins

Front 60

the lipids in gram neg. bacterial cell wall (OM) are called what?

Back 60

endotoxins- because they contribute to fever and shock reactions in gram negative infections like meningitis

Front 61

acid-fast staining might be used to detect what..?

Back 61

Tuberculosis

Front 62

what is acid-fast staining used for?

Back 62

bacterial cells with nontypical cell walls that do not stain gram neg. or gram pos.

Front 63

what are mycoplasmas?

Back 63

bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall

resists lysis via sterol components

Front 64

what are L form bacteria?

Back 64

bacteria that have a cell wall but lose it at some point in their life cycle

Front 65

the cell membrane can form internal folds called what?

Back 65

mesosomes

Front 66

mesmosomes are prominent where...?

Back 66

in gram positive bacteria (they increase surface area)

Front 67

in what form does the hereditary material of most bacteria exist in?

Back 67

single, circular strand of DNA called the bacterial chromosome

Front 68

what is a nucleoid?

Back 68

aggregation of bacterial DNA; as opposed to a true nucleus.

Front 69

what are bacterial plasmids?

Back 69

nonessential pieces of DNA, not associated with core genetic material found in the nucleoid. responsible for drug resistance, can be incorporated into chromosome.

Front 70

what is a bacterial strain? type?

Back 70

strain is a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

type is a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, in susceptibility to bacterial viruses, and in pathogenicity.

Front 71

thylakoids in cyanobacteria contain what ?

Back 71

chlorophyl a

Front 72

what microorganisms have eukaroytic cells?

Back 72

fungi, protists(algae), protozoa, and helminthis

Front 73

what eukaryotic cells have a cell wall?

Back 73

fungi & algae (protists)

Front 74

where are 70s ribosomes found?

Back 74

mitochondria
chloroplast
prokaryotes

Front 75

where are 80s ribosomes found?

Back 75

only in eukaryotic cells (but eukaryotic cells contain both 80s and 70s)

Front 76

stacks of thylakoid are called what? where are they found?

Back 76

grana... surrounded by stroma. found in plant and algae cells

Front 77

what are the two main types of cytoskeletal elements?

Back 77

microfilaments and microtubules

Front 78

which eukaryotic cells lack a cell wall?

Back 78

animal, protozoa, helminthis

Front 79

what are the two types of fungi (broadly speaking) ?

Back 79

microscopic fungi (molds, yeast) and macroscopic fungi (mushrooms)

Front 80

what are hyphae?

Back 80

cell type of mold

Front 81

what are the two fungal cell types?

Back 81

hyphae and yeast

Front 82

most fungi are saprobes, which means what?

Back 82

that they obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals

Front 83

what is mycoses?

Back 83

fungal infection in animals

Front 84

what is a mycelium?

Back 84

the intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold

Front 85

what is the difference between sporangiospores and conidiospores?

Back 85

sporangiospores are initially enclosed and realsed when sporangium ruptures.

conidiospores pinch off preexisting vegetative hypha

Front 86

the cytoplasm of protists is divided into what two parts?

Back 86

ectoplasm and endoplasm

ectoplasm is implicated in feeding, locomotion and protection. endoplasm houses nucleus, mitochondria and vacuoles

Front 87

what is a mature cyst?

Back 87

the dormant, resting stage of protozoa

Front 88

how do the protists mastigophora move?

Back 88

flagella

Front 89

how do the sarcodina (protists) move?

Back 89

pseudopods

Front 90

how do ciliophora move?

Back 90

cillia