Microbiology Lecture 1

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Microbiology

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The study of microorganisms

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Microorganisms

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Organisms that are less than one millimeter in diameter

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Differentiation

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The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development.

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Unicellular

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An organism with only one cell

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Multicellular

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An organism consisting of two or more cells

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Robert Hooke

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Invented the word cell to describe the smallest unit for an organism

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Created the first microscope

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Royal Society of London

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Founded in 1660, known for its scientists scientific findings like Robert Hooke

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Micrometer/Micron

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A unit of length equal to one millionth (10 -6) of a meter.

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Nanometer

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One billionth (10 -9) of a meter.

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Robert Whittaker

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He was the first to propose the five-kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

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Five Kingdom Classification

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Proposed by Robert Whittaker, composed of Monera, animalia, plantae, fungi, protista.

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Monera

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A kingdom that includes the bacteria and blue-green algae in some classification schemes.

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Protista

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A proposed kingdom to include all unicellular organisms lacking a definite cellular arrangement, such as bacteria, algae, diatoms, and fungi.

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Fungi

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Nucleated, usually filamentous, sporebearing organisms devoid of chlorophyll.

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Animalia

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The animal kingdom

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Plantae

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The plant kingdom

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Carl Woese

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Woese's studies of ribosomal RNA led him to conclude that there are three domains of life: eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.

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Three Domain Classification

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Eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.

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Bacteria

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Extremely small, relatively simple prokaryotic microorganisms traditionally classified with the fungi as Schizomycetes

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Archaea

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A group of prokaryotes whose members differ from bacteria, the most prominent prokaryotes, in certain physical, physiological, and genetic features. The archaea may be aquatic or terrestrial microorganisms.

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Eucarya

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A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.

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Ribosomal RNA

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is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity.

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Thomas Cavalier-Smith

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Does extensive research on protists

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Eight Kingdom Classification

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Viruses

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Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms

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Nomenclature/binomial nomenclature

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The scientific naming of species whereby each species receives a Latin or Latinized name of two parts, the first indicating the genus and the second being the specific epithet

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Domain

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Any of three primary divisions of living systems, consisting of the eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, that rank above a kingdom in taxonomic systems that are based on similarities of DNA sequences.

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Kingdom

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In the Linnaean taxonomic system, the highest taxonomic classification into which organisms are grouped, based on fundamental similarities and common ancestry. The Linnaean system designates five such classifications: animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protoctists.

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Phylum

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A primary division of a kingdom, as of the animal kingdom, ranking next above a class in size.

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Class

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A taxonomic category ranking below a phylum or division and above an order.

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Order

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A taxonomic category of organisms ranking above a family and below a class.

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Family

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. A taxonomic category of related organisms ranking below an order and above a genus. A family usually consists of several genera.

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Genus

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A taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics.

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Species

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A fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding

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Strain

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A group of organisms of the same species, having distinctive characteristics but not usually considered a separate breed or variety