Microbiology--For Test 1

Front 1

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a part of the normal flora of which areas of the human body?

Back 1

Skin
Nose
Urogenital Tract

Front 2

Staphylococcus aureus is a part of the normal flora of which areas of the human body?

Back 2

Skin
Nose

Front 3

Candida sp. is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 3

Skin

Front 4

Streptococcus mutans is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 4

Mouth

Front 5

Streptococcus pyogenes is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 5

Pharynx

Front 6

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 6

Pharynx

Front 7

Lactobacilli is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 7

Intestines
Urogenital tract

Front 8

Bacteriodes are a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 8

Intestines

Front 9

Enterococcus faecalis is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 9

Intestines

Front 10

Clostridium perfringens is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 10

Intestines

Front 11

Enterobacteria (E. coli) is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 11

Intestines
Urogenital tract

Front 12

Streptococcus faecalis is a part of the normal flora of which area(s) of the human body?

Back 12

Urogenital tract

Front 13

What are 2 factors that enhance colonization of bacteria?

Back 13

Adhesions
Biofilm

Front 14

What are 2 factors that resist host defenses?

Back 14

Anti-phagocytic capsules
Proteases that degrade antibodies and other factors

Front 15

What is a factor that enhances invasiveness?

Back 15

Enzymes that break down connective tissue

Front 16

What are some major sites of entry for microbial diseases?

Back 16

Mouth
Resp. tract
Skin/mucous membranes
Urogenital tract
Conjunctiva

Front 17

What are some microbial adaptations to assist entry of microbes?

Back 17

* Survival for long periods outside of hose
* Colonization of skin
* Attachment structures
* Survival in stomach acid, proteolytic enzymes, bile
* Use of vectors

Front 18

What are some ways that microbes try to avoid host defenses?

Back 18

*Numerous mechanisms
*Hide within cells
*Change antigens
*Try to appear like host

Front 19

How can microbes spread through body? (hint: 2 ways)

Back 19

Local spread
Systemic spread

Front 20

What are 2 ways microbes utilize local spread to go throughout the body?

Back 20

*Degradative enzymes
*Fusion inducing proteins

Front 21

What are some mechanisms microbes use to systemically spread thru the body?

Back 21

*Lymphatics
*Blood
*Nerves

Front 22

What stage of the infectious process is characterized by no symptoms but the organism is replicating a spreading?

Back 22

Incubation period

Front 23

This part of the infectious process is due to microbe and host response.

Back 23

Illness

Front 24

When can shedding occur?

Back 24

Before, during, and after the clinical illness

Front 25

What are the causes of tissue damage?

Back 25

1. Microbe itself (Cell lysis due to microbe replication and microbial toxins)
2. Host inflammatory responses

Front 26

Infection is completely cleared from the body

(CHOOSE ONE:Acute, Chronic, or Latent?)

Back 26

Acute Infection

Front 27

Constant shedding of the microbe


(CHOOSE ONE:Acute, Chronic, or Latent?)

Back 27

Chronic Infection

Front 28

DNA of virus hiding in cells and can come out at any time


(CHOOSE ONE:Acute, Chronic, or Latent?)

Back 28

Latent Infection

Front 29

What are some host factors that influence the outcome of the infection?

Back 29

Age
Sex
Nutrition
Genetics
Immune Status

Front 30

What are some microbial factors that influence the outcome of the infection?

Back 30

Virulence factors
Anti-microbial resistance
Antigenic variants
Emerging pathogen
Infectious dose

Front 31

What are the 2 groups of bacteria?

Back 31

Gram positive
Gram negative

Front 32

What are the 4 categories of protozoa?

Back 32

Amoeba
Ciliate
Flagellate
Sporozoite

Front 33

What 2 shapes do most bacteria assume?

Back 33

1. Cocci (spheres)
2. Bacilli (rods)

Front 34

What is meant by endogenous source of infection?

Back 34

Normal flora

Front 35

What are 3 exogenous sources of infection?

Back 35

1. person to person
2. animal to person
3. environment to person

Front 36

Number of new cases of a condition, symptom, death, or injury that arise during a specific period of time

Back 36

Incidence

Front 37

Number of cases in a given population at a given point or period of time

Back 37

Prevalence

Front 38

This type of diagnosis detects the presence of anti-pathogen antibodies in patient's serum

Back 38

Serologic diagnosis

Front 39

In bacteria, the extrachromosomal DNA that code for proteins that give the bacteria a selective advantage

Back 39

Plasmids

Front 40

70s....Prokaryote or eukaryote?

Back 40

Prokaryote

Front 41

What are the minimum requirements for bacterial growth?

Back 41

Carbon
Nitrogen
Energy source
Water
Certain Ions (Iron)

Front 42

Grow in absence of oxygen and use fermentation pathways

Back 42

Anaerobes

Front 43

Carries out aerobic respiration and can switch to fermentation in absence of O2

Back 43

Facultative anaerobe

Front 44

Requires low level of oxygen

Back 44

Microaerophilic

Front 45

Carries out aerobic respiration

Back 45

Obligate aerobe

Front 46

What is the most common form of energy for bacterial metabolism?

Back 46

ATP

Front 47

These processes get energy from energy-containing molecules (glucose and store it as ATP.

Back 47

Catabolic processes

Front 48

Energy from ATP is used in _____ activities

Back 48

anabolic

Front 49

Through what process is glucose converted to pyruvate?

Back 49

Glycolysis

Front 50

What are 3 pathways TO energy formation FROM pyruvate?

Back 50

1. Fermentation
2. Aerobic respiration
3. Anaerobic respiration

Front 51

This pathway of pyruvate to energy is carried out by facultative anaerobes during anaerobic conditions

Back 51

Fermentation

Front 52

This pathway of pyruvate to energy involves TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Back 52

Aerobic Respiration

Front 53

This pathway of pyruvate to energy gives the highest yield of ATP

Back 53

Aerobic Respiration

Front 54

In aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor?

Back 54

Oxygen