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145 Cards in this Set
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What are our 3 physical defenses? What do they do? |
Skin (deep layers and sloughs off) Mucus membranes (chili’s moves microbes out of membrane) Normal flora (microbial antagonism- compete with bad bacteria) |
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What are our 6 chemical defenses? How do they work? |
Sweat (hypertonic environment do water leaves bacterial cells) Sebum (oil on skin repels water, and bacteria can’t grow without water) Gastric juices (highly acidic, bacteria can’t survive) Lactoferrin (steals back iron from ciderophores) Lysozome (targets gram positive, breaks peptidoglycan) Defensin peptides (target gram negative, disrupt outer membranes) |
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What are the phagocytes used for cellular defenses? What do they do? |
Neutrophils (first responders) Macrophages (big eaters) Dendritic cells (present antigens to the third line of defense) |
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What are interferons? What do they do? |
They are antiviral. They are released from cells when the cells sense a virus has infected them. They make neighboring cells temporarily stop protein synthesis so the virus can’t replicate. |
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Steps of phagocytosis |
1. Chemotaxis (phagocyte moves toward bacteria) 2. Adhesion (phagocyte attaches time bacteria) 3. Engulfment (phagocyte engulfs bacteria) 4. Fusion (phagosome inside phagocyte fused with lysosome to make phagolysosome) 5. Destruction (kills bacteria) |
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Steps in inflammation |
1. Chemotaxis 2. Vasodilation (vessels dilate so BP slows down) 3. Vessel permeability (things can move in and out of vessel) 4. Diapedesis (phagocyte migrate through the blood to leave the blood stream and enter the damaged tissue) 5. Tissue repair |
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What are the 4 antibodies? |
IgG IgA IgM IgE |
Game |
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What is opsinization? |
Antibodies makes the microbe sticky (looks more tasty). |
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How do antibodies Prevent adherence? |
Preventing bacteria from attaching to a surface. |
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What is neutralization? |
Antibodies inactivate viruses and toxins. Antibodies will attach to a viruses spikes so they can’t bind to any receptors. Same with toxins. |
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What is agglutination? |
IgM makes a bunch of antigens clump together so the immune system can clear them all out at once. |
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What are the receptors involved in the humoral response? |
MHC1 MHC2 CD4 CD8 |
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What receptors are needed in the cell-mediated response? |
MHC2 and CD4 |
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What cells are needed in the humoral response? |
B-cells |
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What do cytotoxic T cells do? |
They find cells that have been infected and perform apoptosis (kills the cell) |
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What are perforins? What releases them? |
Chemical that form pores in the cell membrane of an infected cell Cytotoxic T cells |
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What are granzymes? |
They are cells that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells that shut down protein synthesis in infected cells |
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Pertussis |
Bacteria Shape: coccus Transmission: droplets Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: runny nose, congestion, fever, cough, buildup of mucus, red or blue face, fatigue, whoop sound when breathing, trouble breathing |
Goldberg |
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Measles |
Virus Genome: negative sense RNA Transmission: droplet and vehicle (air) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: koplik spots (tiny white spots in mouth) and rash |
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Cholera |
Bacteria Shape: vibrio (comma) Transmission: vehicle (water food) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death |
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Cholera |
Bacteria Shape: vibrio (comma) Transmission: vehicle (water food) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death |
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HIV |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: direct contact of mucous membranes to blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, breast milk Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: headache, lethargy, fever, flu-like symptoms Then Weight loss, memory loss, yeast infections, skin rashes, herpes, AIDS |
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Cholera |
Bacteria Shape: vibrio (comma) Transmission: vehicle (water food) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death |
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HIV |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: direct contact of mucous membranes to blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, breast milk Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: headache, lethargy, fever, flu-like symptoms Then Weight loss, memory loss, yeast infections, skin rashes, herpes, AIDS |
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Leprosy |
Bacteria Shape: bacilli Transmission: direct contact and armadillos Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: lesions, thick stiff skin, eye problems, stuffy nose or nosebleeds, ulcers on bottom of feet, loss of feeling |
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HSV 1 |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: horizontal direct, indirect (fomites) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: asymptotic sometimes, cold sores |
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HSV 1 |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: horizontal direct, indirect (fomites) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: asymptotic sometimes, cold sores |
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Botulism |
Bacteria Shape: bacillus Transmission: vehicle (inhaled, ingested, injected) Reservoir: anaerobic low acid environment (soil, animal GI tracts, honey and veggies, humans) Signs and symptoms: blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, facial weakness, paralysis, drooping eyelids, trouble breathing, nausea and vomiting |
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Rotavirus |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: vehicle (surfaces, objects) Reservoir: human gut and stool Signs and symptoms: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration |
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Rotavirus |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: vehicle (surfaces, objects) Reservoir: human gut and stool Signs and symptoms: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration |
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Salmonellosis |
Bacteria Shape: bacillus Transmission: vehicle (fecal oral, animals, food) Reservoir: humans, small rodents, reptiles, ducks, chicken, dogs and cats Signs and symptoms: diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps |
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Rotavirus |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: vehicle (surfaces, objects) Reservoir: human gut and stool Signs and symptoms: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration |
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Salmonellosis |
Bacteria Shape: bacillus Transmission: vehicle (fecal oral, animals, food) Reservoir: humans, small rodents, reptiles, ducks, chicken, dogs and cats Signs and symptoms: diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps |
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Hepatitis B |
Virus Shape: spherical Transmission: horizontal direct contact (blood and bodily fluids), vertical direct (mother to baby), indirect parental (needles) Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: dark urine, clay colored poop, rash, jaundice |
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Necrotizing fasciitis |
Bacteria Shape: cocci, bacilli, vibrio Transmission: droplets, cuts or breaks in skin Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: cellulitis, erysipelas, vomiting, raised glucose levels |
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Necrotizing fasciitis |
Bacteria Shape: cocci, bacilli, vibrio Transmission: droplets, cuts or breaks in skin Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: cellulitis, erysipelas, vomiting, raised glucose levels |
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Rabies |
Virus Shape: bullet shaped Transmission: vector (animal infected with it bites you) Reservoir: mammals Signs and symptoms: first 30-90 days are asymptomatic, next 2-10 days = fever, cough, sore throat, headache, pain at site of bite, loss of appetite Severe stage: paralysis and hyper-salivation, death |
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Syphilis |
Bacteria Transmission: sex and pregnant woman go fetus Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: Primary stage- chancher sores on mouth and genitalia, swollen lymph nodes Secondary stage- rash in hands and feet Latent stage- no symptoms Tertiary stage- gummata (open sores on skin, blindness), cardiovascular syphilis (vasoconstriction, damages heart valves), neurosyphilis (memory loss, hearing loss, fecal incontinence) |
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Zika |
Virus Transmission: vector (mosquito) Reservoir: monkey, human Signs and symptoms: rash, conjunctivitis, headache, joint and muscle pain, fever If pregnant: microcephaly (delays cognitive development, seizures) |
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Lyme disease |
Bacteria Shape: spirochete Transmission: vector (tick bite) Reservoir: white footed mouse Signs and symptoms: fever, chills , arthritis, swollen lymph nodes, facial palsy, heart palpitations, inflammation of brain and spinal cord |
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Mononucleosis |
Virus Transmission: horizontal direct contact and indirect contact Reservoir: humans Signs and symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, swelling white patches on tonsils, swollen spleen or liver |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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What are the 4 bacterial evasion methods? |
Antiphagocytic structures Hiding inside phagocytes Antigenic variation Mimicking host molecules |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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What are the 4 bacterial evasion methods? |
Antiphagocytic structures Hiding inside phagocytes Antigenic variation Mimicking host molecules |
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What are antiphagocytic structures? |
Structures that the bacteria makes to avoid phagocytosis. Capsules Waxes |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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What are the 4 bacterial evasion methods? |
Antiphagocytic structures Hiding inside phagocytes Antigenic variation Mimicking host molecules |
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What are antiphagocytic structures? |
Structures that the bacteria makes to avoid phagocytosis. Capsules Waxes |
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What is the difference between antigenic variation with bacteria and viruses? |
Bacteria change how they look. Viruses have antigenic shift and antigenic drift. |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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What are the 4 bacterial evasion methods? |
Antiphagocytic structures Hiding inside phagocytes Antigenic variation Mimicking host molecules |
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What are antiphagocytic structures? |
Structures that the bacteria makes to avoid phagocytosis. Capsules Waxes |
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What is the difference between antigenic variation with bacteria and viruses? |
Bacteria change how they look. Viruses have antigenic shift and antigenic drift. |
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What enzymes are used for bacterial invasion? What do they do? |
Hylaronidase: breaks down hylaronic acid in connective tissue Kinase: breaks down blood clots |
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Herd immunity |
The majority of a community is immune to an infectious disease adding a measure of protection to the entire community by limiting the number of people that can get infected. |
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What are adhesins? |
Structures on bacteria that attach to the hosts glycoproteins. Fimbriae Pili Biofilms |
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What is bacterial invasion? |
The process of the bacteria getting further into the body. |
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What is membrane ruffling? |
A type of bacterial invasion method. The bacteria induces endocytosis in the host cell and enters it. |
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What is bacterial evasion? |
The bacteria is avoiding the hosts defenses. |
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What are the 4 bacterial evasion methods? |
Antiphagocytic structures Hiding inside phagocytes Antigenic variation Mimicking host molecules |
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What are antiphagocytic structures? |
Structures that the bacteria makes to avoid phagocytosis. Capsules Waxes |
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What is the difference between antigenic variation with bacteria and viruses? |
Bacteria change how they look. Viruses have antigenic shift and antigenic drift. |
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What enzymes are used for bacterial invasion? What do they do? |
Hylaronidase: breaks down hylaronic acid in connective tissue Kinase: breaks down blood clots |
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What enzymes are used for bacterial evasion? What do they do? |
Coagulase: forms blood clots to barricade itself from the immune systems defenses IgA protease: breaks down IgA |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are the 3 effects of endotoxins in the body? |
Fever Inflammation Septic shock |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are the 3 effects of endotoxins in the body? |
Fever Inflammation Septic shock |
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Do endotoxins have low or high toxicity? What does that mean? |
They have low toxicity. They are toxic in high amounts. |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are the 3 effects of endotoxins in the body? |
Fever Inflammation Septic shock |
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Do endotoxins have low or high toxicity? What does that mean? |
They have low toxicity. They are toxic in high amounts. |
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What are exotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Secreted proteins. Gram negative and gram positive can have them but it’s usually gram positive. |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are the 3 effects of endotoxins in the body? |
Fever Inflammation Septic shock |
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Do endotoxins have low or high toxicity? What does that mean? |
They have low toxicity. They are toxic in high amounts. |
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What are exotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Secreted proteins. Gram negative and gram positive can have them but it’s usually gram positive. |
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Are exotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Intentional. They are only used on specific cells. |
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What are siderophores? |
Scavengers for bacteria, they steal iron from the host |
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What are endotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Toxins that only gram negative bacteria shed. |
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Are endotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Unintentional (shedding can’t be done on purpose) |
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What are the 3 effects of endotoxins in the body? |
Fever Inflammation Septic shock |
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Do endotoxins have low or high toxicity? What does that mean? |
They have low toxicity. They are toxic in high amounts. |
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What are exotoxins? What bacteria has them? |
Secreted proteins. Gram negative and gram positive can have them but it’s usually gram positive. |
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Are exotoxins intentional or unintentional? |
Intentional. They are only used on specific cells. |
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Do exotoxins have high or low toxicity? What does that mean? |
High toxicity. They are toxic at low amounts. |
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What structures are used for viral attachment? How do they work? |
Spikes. They attach to specific receptors in the host cell. |
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What structures are used for viral attachment? How do they work? |
Spikes. They attach to specific receptors in the host cell. |
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What methods are used for viral invasion? |
Envelopes fusion Endocytosis |
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What structures are used for viral attachment? How do they work? |
Spikes. They attach to specific receptors in the host cell. |
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What methods are used for viral invasion? |
Envelopes fusion Endocytosis |
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What are the 3 methods used for viral evasion? |
Envelope - acts as camouflage Antigenic variation - genetic shift and genetic drift Latent - the virus hides in the body to avoid being destroyed |
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What structures are used for viral attachment? How do they work? |
Spikes. They attach to specific receptors in the host cell. |
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What methods are used for viral invasion? |
Envelopes fusion Endocytosis |
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What are the 3 methods used for viral evasion? |
Envelope - acts as camouflage Antigenic variation - genetic shift and genetic drift Latent - the virus hides in the body to avoid being destroyed |
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What is lysogenic conversion? |
The process for when a bacterium gains the ability to produce an exotoxin through a bacteriophage. |
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What 3 bacteria go through lysogenic conversion? |
Cholera Botulism Diphtheria |
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What is genetic shift? |
When 2 different strains of the same virus infect a cell, the cell produces an entirely new strain of the virus. |
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What is genetic drift? |
Mutations build up over time and eventually the virus is different enough from the original to be a new strain. |
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