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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 main domains
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya
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fungi, yeasts, and protozoa are in what domain
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Eucarya
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Father of Microbiology
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Antoni can Leeuwenhoek
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used lens to peer into a drop of lake water, developed early microscopes
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Leeuwenhoek
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3 men that contributed to disproving spontaneous generation
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Redi, Tyndall, Pasteur
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worms found on rotting meat came from eggs
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Francesco Redi
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showed air is filled with microbes (cotton plug)
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Louis Pasteur
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invented swan necked flask
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Louis Pasteur
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Father of Modern Microbiology
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Louis Pasteur
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concluded that different infusions required different boiling times
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John Tyndall
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developed the science of medical microbiology: first to show that specific bacterium caused specific disease
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Robert Koch
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first bacterium shown to cause specific disease
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anthrax (bacillus anthrasis)
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developed procedure for growing pure culture in a medium
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Robert Koch
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what is normal flora
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resident microbes
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how many species of bacteria reside in/on the human body?
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500-1000 species
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for every one body cell there are ___ bacteria cells
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10
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substances that consists of a single type of atom
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element
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99% of all living matter is made up of what elements?
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carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
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what two elements make up .5% of all living matter?
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phosphorus and sulfur
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basic unit of all matter
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atom
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when atoms bond together, what forms?
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molecules
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bonds that share electrons, two types
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polar and non-polar covalent bonds
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enzymes required to break covalent bonds at ______ temperatures
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low
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bonds formed between identical atoms or between atoms that have similar attraction for electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
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what is formed by polar covalent bonds when one part of the molecule is slightly negative and another is slightly positive
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dipole moment
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bonds formed by gaining or losing electrons
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ionic bond
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salt bridge (charged atoms attracted to each other and form a bond)
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ionic bond
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are ionic bonds strong or weak in aqueous solutions?
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weak
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hydrogen atoms in polar molecules are most commonly attracted to which elements?
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oxygen or nitrogen
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______ bonds hold molecules together; ______ bonds hold atoms together
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hydrogen, covalent
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most important molecule
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water
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defined as negative log of the concentration of H+ ions
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pH
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3 classes of biological macromolecules
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proteins, carbs (polysaccharides), nucleic acids
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smallest of macromolecules
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lipids
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all macromolecules are ______
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polymers
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molecules broken down by ______; subunits join together to form large molecules by _______
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hydrolysis or hydrolytic reaction; dehydration synthesis
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proteins are made up of _______
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amino acids
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most versatile of macromolecules
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proteins
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responsibilities of proteins
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catabolizing reactions; composition and shape of structures; gene regulations (CCG)
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proteins are composed of numerous combinations of __ amino acids
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20
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protein shape and ultimately function depends on what?
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shape of sequence of amino acids
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4 features of all amino acids
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carboxyl (COO-) group, amino group (NH2+), central carbon, side chain (differentiates amino acids)
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what part of the amino acid is the beginning and what part is the end?
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amino group-begins, carboxyl group- ends
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amino acids are held together by what kinds of bond?
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peptide bond (unique type of covalent bond) between carboxyl of one and amino of another, dehydration synthesis
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four protein structures
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primary, secondary (alpha-helical, beta-pleated), tertiary (globular, fibrous-collagen), quaternary
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secondary stucture of protein results from what?
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weak bonds formed between amino acids
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what structure of protein does it become a functional protein
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tertiary
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multiple polypeptides held together with covalent or weak bonds
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quaternary structure
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T or F. Denaturation is always irreversible.
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F; environment determines reversibility
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diverse group of molecules with various sizes
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carbs
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important roles of carbs
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common source of food and energy (glucose); form part of nucleic acids, form part of bacterial cell wall (FENC)
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large molecules ade of carb. molecules
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polysaccharide
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short chains of carbs.
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oligosaccharides
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single carbohydrate molecule
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monosaccharide
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how are monosaccharides classified?
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number of carbons
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5 carbon sugars (give 2 examples)
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pentose; ribose, deoxyribose
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5 carbon sugars (give 3 examples)
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hexose; glucose, fructose, galactose
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what are the two most common disaccharides in nature
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lactose (glucose+galactose) and sucrose (glucose+fructose)
little green guys' secret girl friend |
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most abundant organic molecule on earth
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cellulose- polysaccharide, polymer of glucose molecules
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what is the carbohydrate storage molecule of animals and some bacteria?
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glycogen
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what is the storage molecule for carbon and energy for some bacteria?
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dextran
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decodes sequence of amino acids to produce proteins
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RNA
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what 3 units are nucleotides composed of?
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nitrogen containing ring compound, five carbon sugar molecule, phosphate molecule
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what's the difference between a nuceoside and a nucleotide?
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no phosphate group (side) and phosphate group (tide)
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T of F. Carbons in a nitrogenous base are not marked with a prime number.
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T
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nucleotides are joined by what kind of bond?
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covalent bond- specifically phosphodiester bond
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what parts of the nucleotides create the covalent/phosphodiester bonds?
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one phosphate with another sugar group
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what holds the double stranded helical molecule of DNA together?
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hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
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what are 4 ways in which RNA is different from DNA
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thymine replaced by uracil; sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose, RNA is generally shorter, RNA exists as a single stranded molecule
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critical component of the cell membrane; heterogeneous group of molecules
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lipids
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what are the two general classes of lipids?
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simple and compound
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what elements do simple lipids contain?
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only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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what are fats made of
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glycerol and fatty acids
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long hydrocarbon chains plus an acid group (COOH-) at the end
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fatty acids
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carbon hydrogen chain with 3 hydroxyl groups attached (OH)
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glycerol
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three fatty acids bind to one glycerol
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triglyceride
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structure consists of four membered rings
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steroids
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if one of the rings of steroids has a hydroxyl group attached it is classified as a what?
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sterol
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what is the most important compound lipid?
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phospholipid
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what is a phospholipid made up of?
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phophate, two fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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what is the major component in lipid cell membranes?
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phospholipids
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lens that magnifies the image usually 10x
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ocular
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focuses the light on a microsope
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condenser
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controls the amount of light that enters the objective lens
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iris diaphragm
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most common and easiest to use of the light microscopes
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bright-field
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3 important factors in light microscopy
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magnification, resolution, contrast
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type of microscopy where light passes through specimen, then through series of magnifying lenses
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light microscopy
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what two magnifying lenses are on a bright-field microscope
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ocular, objective
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has no affect on magnification, used to focus illumination on specimen
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condenser lens
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the minimum distance existing between two objects where those objects still appear as separate objects
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resolving power
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As D decreases, lambda ______, resolution ______
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decreases, improves
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depends on the quality of lenses and wavelength of illuminating light
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resolution
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oil reduces ____ when used on 100x lens
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light refraction
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reflects the number of visible shades in a specimen
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contrast
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higher contrast acheived for bright-field microscopy through ________
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specimen staining
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bright-field microscopes are best for _______
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stained specimens
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phase-contrast microscope best used for ____
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unstained, live specimen
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type of microscope that amplifies differences between refractive indexes of cells and surrounding medium
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phase-contrast microscope
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type of microscope that uses set of rings and diaphragms to achieve resolution
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phase-contrast microscope
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microscope that causes organisms to be 3D (depends on differences in refractive index)
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interference scope
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most frequently used interference scope
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Nomarski DIC
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this type of microscope results in a reverse image; the specimen appears bright on a dark background; image achieved by a modified condenser
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dark-field microscope
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microscope used to observe organisms that are naturally fluorescent or flagged with fluorescent dye
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fluorescence microscope
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fluorescent molecule absorbs ________ light and emits visible light (fluorescent microscope)
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ultraviolet
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light source is laser; speciment stained with fluor(s)
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confocal scanning laser microscope
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speciment stained with _____ used to construct 3D image of thicker structures and provides detailed sectional views of internal structures of an inact organism
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fluors
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resolution increased 1000 fold over brightfield microscope; uses electromagnetic lenses, electrons, and fluorescent screen to produce image
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electron microscope
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2 types of electron microscope
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TEM, SEM
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electron microscope used to observe fine detail
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TEM
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electron microscope used to observe surface detail
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SEM
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typically, electron microscopes are used for what specimens
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fixed, stained
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stains are made of ______
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organic salts
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basic dyes carry a _____ charge
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positive
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acidic dyes carry a ______ charge
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negative
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basic dyes commonly stain the _____ while acidic dyes commonly stain the ______
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cell; background
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T or F: basic dyes are more commonly used than acidic dyes
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True
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name 4 common basic dyes
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methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green
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what kind of stain uses one basic stain to stain the cell
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simple stain
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what kind of stain is used to distinguish one bacterial group from another (uses a series of reagents)
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differential stains
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what are the two most common differential stains
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gram stain and acid-fast stain
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most widely used proedure for staining bacteria developed by who?
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D. Hans Christian Gram
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gram positive stains what color
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purple
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gram negative stains what color
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red or pink
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gram stain involves what four reagents?
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primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counter/secondary stain
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what type of differential stain is used to stain organisms that resist conventional staining?
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acid-fast stain
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acid-fast stains are used to stain member of the genus _____
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Mycobacterium
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what prevents Mycobacterium uptake of dye?
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high lipid concentration in cell wall
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acid-fast stain uses what o facilitate staining?
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heat
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3 steps of acid-fast stains
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primary dye (carbol fuchsin/red); decolorizer; counter stain (methylene bue)
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special stain that is an example of a negative stain in that it allows capsule to stand out around organism
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capsule stain
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special stain that enhances endospore; uses heat to facilitate staining
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endospore stain
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speicial stain that increases diameter of flagella to make it more visible
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flagella stain
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the ____ of the capsule resists stain
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gelatin material
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most common prokaryotic cell shapes
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coccus, bacillus
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short round rod shape
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coccobacillus
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curved rod shape
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vibrio
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spiral shaped
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spirillum
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helical shaped
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spirochete
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bacteria able to vary shape
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pleomorphic
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one cell goes to 2 daughter cells is called what
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binary fission
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divisions along a single plane may results in pairs called ____ or chains called _____
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diplococci; streptococci
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divisions along two or three perpendicular planes form ______
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cuboidal packets
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division along several random planes form _____
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clusters
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some bacteria live in groups with other bacterial cells called what
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multicellular associations
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formation of ______ allows for changes in cellular activity
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biofilms
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genomic DNA located here in prokaryotes
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nucleoid
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has an absence of membrane bounded nucleus
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prokaryotes
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absence of membrane bound intracellular organelles
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prokaryotes
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what's different about cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and Archaea
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phospholipid composition
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what is the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane?
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lipid bilayer embedded with proteins
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proteins in cytoplasmic membrane have what two functions
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receptors and transport gates
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proteins constantly changing motion is called what
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fluid mosaic model
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what are 3 types of movement of molecules across cytoplasmic membrane
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simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
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process by which molecules move freely across the cytoplasmic membrane
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simple diffusion
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type of simple diffusion
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osmosis
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site of energy production through a series of embedded proteins
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cytoplasmic membrane
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transport proteins are aka what two things
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permeases, carriers
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transport systems include what 3 things?
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facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation
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moves compounds across membrane through transmembrane protein exploiting a concentration gradient
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facilitated diffusion
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example of facilitated diffusion
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glycerol moving into the cell
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requires specific transmembrane proteins that moves compounds against a concentration gradient
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active transport
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two primary mechanisms that provide energy for active transport
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proton motive force, active binding cassette system (ABC)
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transporters allow protons into the cell; protons either brng in or expel other substances
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proton motive force
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example of _____: efflux pumps used in antimicrobial resistance
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proton motive force
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uses bining proteins to scavenge and deliver molecules to transport complex
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ABC transport
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example of ______: maltose transport
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ABC system
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transport mechanism that chemically alters molucule during passage
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group transport
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example of ______: phosphotransferase system
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group transport
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system of transmembrane proteins that recognize small part of protein called signal sequence
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general secretory pathways
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rigidity of cell wall is due to what
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peptidoglycan
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basic structure of peptidoglycan
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alternating series of NAG and NAM subunits; joined subunits form glycan chain; glycan chain held toether by string of four amino acids (tetrapeptide chain)
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relatively thick layer of PTG
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gram positive
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teichoic acid component of PTG
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ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate
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teichoic acid is found in what type of cell
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gram positive
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regions between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram negative cell is what
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periplasm
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most secreted proteins contained where in the gram negative cell
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periplasm
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proteins of ABC transport system located here
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periplasm of gram negative
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difference between outer membraneand cytoplasmic membrane
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outer leaflet of outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides not phospholipids
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outer membrane also called what
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LPS layer
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serves as a barrier to large number of molecules (part of outer membrane)
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LPS layer
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two parts of LPS layer (outside and inside)
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O-specific polysaccharide side chain and Lipid A (endotoxin)
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used to identify certain species or strains
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O-specific polysaccharide side chain
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portion of LPS that anchors LPS in lipid bilayer
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Lipid A
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plays role in recognition of infection
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Lipid A
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many antimicrobial agents destroy or interfer with the synthesis of what
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PTG
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which is the antibiotic and which interferes with the synthesis of cell wall?
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penicillin; lysozyme
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binds proteins involved in cell wall synthesis; prevents cross-linking of glycan cains by tetrapeptides
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penicillin
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most effected against Gram positive bacterium; due to increased concentration of PTG
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penicillin
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produced in many body fluids including tears and saliva
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lysozyme
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breaks bond linking NAG and NAM; destroys structural integrity of the cell wall
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lysozyme
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lysozyme produces ____ in G+ bacteria and _____ in G- bateria
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protoplast; spheroplast
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bacterium that naturally lack cell wall; antimicrobial directed towards cell wall ineffective (give example/genus)
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Mycoplasma
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____ in memrbane of Mycoplasma account for strength of membrane
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sterols
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Archaea do not contain peptidoglycan but they do contain ______
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pseudopeptidoglycan
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gernal functions (2) of capsules and slime layer
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protection from host defenses and attachment to specific surfaces
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distinct gelatinous layer
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capsule
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irregular diffuse layer
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slime layer
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most capsules and slime layer have a chemical composition made of ______ which is referred to as ______
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polysaccharides; glcocalyx
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