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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteriology studies what?
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bacteria
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virology studies what?
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viruses
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mycology studies what?
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fungi
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parasitology studies what?
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parasites
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who was the first to take a glimpse into the micro world?
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Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
by using a lens to peer into a drop of lake water |
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Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek called organisms what?
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animalcules
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the theory which states "organisms can arise from non-living matter" is?
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Spontaneous generation
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spontaneous generation had some key scientist which disproved this theory who were they? (3)
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Francesco Redi- worms on meat from flies landing on it
Louis Pasteur- that air is filled with micro organisms John Tyndall- different infusions required different boiling times, and heat resistant life |
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which scientist discovered that worms on meat were from flies eggs?
a. Louis Pasteur b. Leeuwenhoek c. John Tyndall d. Francesco Redi |
D. Francesco Redi
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which scientist discovered that there are microbes in the air?
a. Louis Pasteur b. Leeuwenhoek c. John Tyndall d. Francesco Redi |
A. Louis Pasteur
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Which scientist is responsible for pasteurization?
a. Louis Pasteur b. Leeuwenhoek c. John Tyndall d. Francesco Redi |
A. Louis Pasteur
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Which scientist discovered different infusions need different boiling times and heat resistant organisms?
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John Tyndall
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who actually discovered Endospores?
A. Robert Koch B. John Tyndall C. Ferdinand Cohn D. Louis Pasteur |
C. Ferdinand Cohn
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Who established endospores role in disease transmission
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Robert Koch
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what was Antony Van Leeuwenhoek famous for in the microbiology world?
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first microscope
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what was edward Jenner famous for in the microbiology world?
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vaccination procedure from small pox
specifically milk maids could not contract small pox because of their exposure to cow pox which is not infectious to humans. |
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what was Mathias Schleden and Theodor Schwann famous for in the microbiology world?
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all organisms are composed of cells which is the basic unit of life
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what was Ignaz Semmelweis famous for in the microbiology world?
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that puerperal or childbed fever (Strep) was transmitted from Doctors to Patients during childbirth.
Specifically from med students coming from their cadaver labs without washing their hands. later Semmelweis was considered crazy and sent to a home for the insane where he died of Strep |
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what was John Snow famous for in the microbiology world?
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that a spread of cholera was coming from a contaminated water supply
Specifically a water pump in london which people were drinking from was contaminated with human sewage. Fecal --> oral |
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what was famous for in the microbiology world?
3 things |
1. yeast can degrade sugar to ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide
2. refuted spontaneous generation 3. Paseurization |
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what was Joseph Lister famous for in the microbiology world?
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antiseptics
specifically used carbolic as an antiseptic to sterilize his instruments before surgery |
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what was Robert Koch famous for in the microbiology world?
4 things |
1. anthrax is from a bacterium
2. pure culture 3. causative agent of Tuberculosis 4. Koch Postulates 1 microorganism causes 1 disease |
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what was Elie Metchnikoff famous for in the microbiology world?
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Phagocytes and their role in engulfing bacteria
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what was Paul Ehrlich famous for in the microbiology world?
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Chemotherapy to treat disease destroys all bacteria including host...bacteria
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what was Fredrick Griffith famous for in the microbiology world?
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genetic transformation in bacteria. genetic information from enviroment. Virulence factor
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Transformation is ....
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when a bacteria receive naked DNA from environment and incorporate it into their own
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conjugation is...
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contact with another bacterium and transfers DNA into and incorporates it into its own
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what is Alexander Fleming was famous for in the microbiology world?
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First antibiotic - penicillin
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what was Oswald Avery, colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty famous for in the microbiology world?
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That what Fredrick Griffith discovered was called DNA
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what was Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum famous for in the microbiology world?
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that DNA can transfer from one bacterium to another using conjugation
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what was James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins famous for in the microbiology world?
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the structure of DNA
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without microorganisms life could not exist because of
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they are responsible for the the production of oxygen and nitrogen and because they are decomposers- they breakdown a wide variety of material including cellulose
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microorganisms are important in food production because of why?
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fermentation of milk to produce cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk
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microorganisms are important in Probiotics because of why?
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Protects against intestinal infection and bowel cancer
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microorganisms are important in Bioremediation because of why?
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to degrade environmental waste
-degrade PCB's & DDT -clean up oil spills - treat radioactive waste |
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how can bacteria make products like ethanol, pesticides, dietary amino acids and antibiotics
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by synthesis
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by introducing genes of one organism into an unrelated organism to confer new properties on the organism is called what?
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Genetic engineering
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T or F more people died world wide of influenza in 1916 epidemic than died in WWI, WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam combined
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false
the epidemic was in 1918* but more people died then than in WWI, WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam combined |
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what have we done to reduce incidences of the worst diseases
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1. modern sanitation
2. vaccinations 3. antimicrobial treatments |
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the golden age of Microbiology was from
a. 1850-1900 b. 1854-1914 c. 1860-1921 d. 1864-1925 |
B. 1854-1914
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why is 1854-1914 considered the golden age of microbiology?
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because the theory of spontaneous generation was disproved, most disease causing bacteia were discovered, work on viruses began, and lead to initiation of prevention and treatment of disease.
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some emerging diseases include
a. legionnaire's disease b. Lyme disease c. west Nile virus disease d. SARS e. All f. None |
E. ALL
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name some factors associated with emerging disease.
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changing lifestyles
genetic changes in organisms |
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name some reasons for resurgence of old diseases which were thought to be "defeated".
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1. increased travel
2. unvaccinated individuals susceptible to infection 3. longevity (longer life expectancy) |
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T or F chronic diseases are caused by environmental stressors.
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False chronic disease is cause by bacteria but once thought that environmental stressors were the cause
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Bacteria outnumber the cells in our body
a. 1:1 b. 10:1 c. 50:1 d. 100:1 |
10:1
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name the three types of domains of live organisms? what is the non-living one?
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living
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eucarya non-living 1. viruses |
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T or F Bacteria and Archaea both have no true nucleus, are single-celled organisms, have a rigid cell wall and do not contain any other organelles
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True
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specific shapes, rigid cell wall, multiply by binary Fission, some are motile describes which domain/s?
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Bacteria and Archaea
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what Domain can survive extreme environments?
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Archaea
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name the 4 types of eucarya
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Algae
fungi protozoa helminths |
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which Eucarya are found near water surfaces
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algae
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which eucarya are all contain chlorophyll and have a rigid cell wall?
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Algae
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Which eucarya gain energy from organic materials and found mostly on land?
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Fungi
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Single celled Fungi is called?
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Yeast
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multicellular fungi is called?
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Molds
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Which eucarya is single celled but complex
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Protozoa
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which eucarya are motile and are classified by their motility
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Protozoa
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Helminths are also known as
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Parasites
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Round worms and Tapeworms are what type of Eucarya
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Helminths
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Nomenclature is a...
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Binomial naming system
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in the nomenclature the first word by its self is
a. capitalized b. italicizes c. underlined |
a. capitalized
always capitalized and when it is the full name it is capitalized and either italicized or underlined |
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when naming the genius and species you should
a. capitalized b. italicizes or underlined c. both d. neither |
c. both
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in the nomenclature, members of the same species may differ from one another in minor ways by their ....
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Strain
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non-living elements called agents
a. viruses b. viroids c. prions d. all |
d. all
also they consist of only a few molecules found in living cells |
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what agent contains a protein coat which surrounds nucleic acid
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Viruses
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what agent is termed obligate intracellular parasites
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viruses
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which agent frequently kill host cell, is inactive outside the body and must use host machinery to replicate?
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viruses
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which agent does not have a protective protein coat and generally cause plant disease?
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Viroids
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which agent contains no nucleic acid and responsible for six neurodegenerative diseases
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prions
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what are 2 prions found in animals (not humans)
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Scrapie in sheep
mad cow disease in cattle |
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what 2 examples of prions are found in humans?
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Kuru
creutzfelt-jokob |
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T or F the smallest virus is approximately 1/100,000th the size of the largest eukaryotic cell
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false its 1/1,000,000
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what subunits do macromolecules consist of
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monomers
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what are the 4 major classes of macromolecules
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Proteins
polysaccharides (carbohydrates) lipids nucleic acids |
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what are the 2 steps process which forms macromolecules
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1. synthesis of the subunits
2. joining together of the subunits |
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what is dehydration synthesis?
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it involves a chemical reaction in which H2O is removed
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what is hydrolytic reaction (hydrolysis)
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reverse of dehydration. where water is added back.
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the subunits of proteins are?
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Amino Acids
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the resulting formation of dehydration synthesis of two amino acids what type of bond
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peptide bond
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the peptide bond of amino acids is between what 2 groups
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amino group and the carboxyl group
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a large protein from many amino acids is?
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polypeptide
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denaturation is ...
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shape change due to environmental conditions changing causing a protein to stop functioning properly
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T or F Denaturation is not reversible
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it is both reversible and irreversible.
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what common source of food and energy and also forms part of nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
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what common source of food and energy and also forms part of the bacterial cell wall
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Carbohydrates
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what is the ratio of carbon hydrogen and oxygen found in carbohydrates
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1:2:1
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large molecules made of carbohydrates molecules are named as
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Polysaccharides
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short chains of carbohydrates are named as
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disaccharides
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single carbohydrate molecules are called
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monosaccharides
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how many carbons do the most common monosaccharides have
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5 and 6
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most common 5 carbon sugars are ...
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Ribose and deoxyribose
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most common 6 carbon sugars are...
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glucose (c6h12o6)
fructose (c6h12o6) galactose (c6h12o6) |
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most common disaccharides in nature
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Lactose= Glucose + galactose
sucrose= Glucose + fructose |
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the least common disaccharide is....
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maltose= glucose + glucose
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3 main Polysaccharides ....
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Cellulose
Glycogen Dextran |
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what is the principal polysaccharide in plant cell wall
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cellulose
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what polysaccharide which is a polymer of glucose
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cellulose
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what is the most abundant organic molecule on earth
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cellulose
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what is the carbohydrate storage molecule of animal and some bacteria?
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glycogen
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what polysaccharides is a polymer of glucose subunits?
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glycogen and dextran
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what is a polysaccharide storage molecule for carbon and energy for some bacteria
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dextran
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lipids are souluble in organic solvents such as ....
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Ether, benzene and chloroform
this is due to their non-polar hydrophobic nature |
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what are the three main ions which make up lipids
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Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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one fatty acid bound to glycerol is....
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monoglycerides
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2 fatty acids bound together is...
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diglycerides
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3 fatty acids bound to glycerol
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triglycerides
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lipids which the hydrocarbon portion contains no double bonds are
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saturated fats
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what type of lipids are solid at room temperature
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Saturated fats
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what type of lipid is often referred to as oils and is liquid at room temperature
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UnSaturated fats
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What lipid has at least one double bond at the hydrocarbon portion
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unsaturated fats
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what type of lipid has several double bonds which exist in one fatty acid of a molecule of a fat
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polyunsaturated fats
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example given in notes of common polyunsaturated fats include...
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safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil
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a four membered ring structure of simple lipids....
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Steroids
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what is a steroid with a hydroxyl group called
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sterol (like Cholesterol)
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where are sterols found?
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in cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells
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examples of some common steroids
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hormones cortisone
progesterone testosterone |
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common compound lipids are...
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Phospholipids, lipoprotein etc...
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T or F Compound lipids are formed from fatty acids, glycerol, and other elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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True
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T or F Phospholipids in cells occur as a bilayer which is hydrophillic and a polar head which is hydrophobic.
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False the bilayer is hydrophobic and the polar head is hydrophillic
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lipids which has long chain fatty acid linked covalently to long chain alcohol by and ester bond are called....
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Waxes
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Lipids without a hydrophillic head and thus are water insoluble are called
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Waxes
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what makes Tuberculosis resistant to drying?
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it is surrounded by a waxy wall making it resistant to drying
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Nucleotides are composed of what three main units
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1. Nitrogen base
-purines -adenine and guanine -pyrimidine 2. pentose sugar (deoxyribose and ribose) 3. Phosphate molecule |
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joining nucleotides are joined by...
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dehydration synthesis
sugar molecule of one joins the phosphate group of another with the removal of water |
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in DNA structure Adenine binds to
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Thymine (AT)
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in the DNA structure thymine binds to
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Adenine(AT)
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in the DNA structure Guanine binds to
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Cytosine (GC)
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in the DNA structure Cytosine binds to
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Guanine (GC)
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what nucleic acid contains all the genetic information of a particular organism
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DNA
consist of 2 purines (AG) 2 pyrimidines (GC) |
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T or F RNA differs from DNA in the pyrimidines group
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True
RNA pyrimidines (U&C)- Uracil binds to adenine DNA pyrimidines (T&C)- thymine binds to adenine |
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What is the major role of RNA
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Protein Synthesis
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what are two major types of microscopes?
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Light (compound) microscope
Electron microscope |
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what is the best resolving power of the best light microscope?
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0.2 um
can not see viruses |
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can light microscope see viruses with its best resolving power?
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no. too low to see viruses
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why do we use immersion oil when placing the light microscope at its highest setting?
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b/c oil reduces light refraction and if you don't use the oil light will bend as it moves from glass to air. so you could say that oil bridges the gap between the specimen slide and the lens reducing refraction
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T or F immersion oil has nearly the same refractive index as glass
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True
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when measuring the power of the total magnification of a compound (light) microscope what do you have to take into account?
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ocular lens (10X) times the power of the Objective lens (4,10,40,100)
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what is the maximum magnification with a light microscope with an objective lens of 100X with the use of immersion oil?
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1000-fold
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what is the maximum magnification of a light microscope with an objective lens of 4X?
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10 X 4 = 40X
ocular X objective |
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stains provide contrast between bacteria and surrounding media is called?
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refractive index differences
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what are some different types of light microscopes? (5)
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Phase-contrast microscope
interference microscope dark-field microscope flurorescence microscope confocal scanning laser microscope |
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what is the common use of the phase contrast microscope?
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to view living organisms
able to see internal organs easily |
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T or F with a Phase contrast microscope you can see internal organs easily
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True
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what is unique about a interference microscope?
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specimens appear to be 3D
which depends upon differences in refractive index as light passes through different materials |
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What is unique about a Dark field microscope?
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it highlights specimens against a dark background
can detect Treponema pallidum which is the causative agent of syphilis |
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What type of light microscope can detect Treponema pallidum which is the causative agent of syphilis?
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A Dark field microscope
it highlights specimens against a dark background |
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what is unique about a fluorescence microscope?
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used to examine materials that emit light which light of a different wavelength strikes them
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what is unique about a confocal scanning laser microscope?
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it produces a 3D picture of thick structure such as community of microorganisms (biofilm)
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which microscope has a higher resolving power
a. light microscope b. dark field microscope c. fluorescence microscope d. electron microscope e. they all have the same resolving power but differ only by their what is viewed by them |
d. electron microscope
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what is commonly viewed using a electron microscope?
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viruses
internal cellular structures molecules large atoms |
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how does an electron microscope work?
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it uses a beam of electrons, guided by strong magnets
has a resolving power which is higher than that of the light microscope |
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in general what is the total magnification of an electron microscope and is it stronger or weaker than that of a light microscope?
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much stronger it generally magnifies objects 10k to 100k times
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what is the total magnification of the transmission electron microscope?
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1million times +
it has the highest resolving power |
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what is the transmission electron microscope used to observe?
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fine internal details
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how does an transmission electron microscope work?
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by transmitting electrons through a specimen
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what is unique about a scanning electron?
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electrons scan the surface of the specimen showing the surface detail with NO INTERNAL structures
produces a 3D image |
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a basic dye with a positive charge is what type of stain?
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simple stain
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gram and acid-fast stains are what type of stains?
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differential stains
makes it possible to differentiate between 2 objects EX: Gram + and Gram - |
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what do differential stains do?
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makes it possible to differentiate between 2 objects
EX: Gram + and Gram - |
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capsule, endospore, and flagella stains are what type of stain?
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special stain
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who invented the Gram Stain technique?
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Hans Christian Gram
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gram stain involves what four reagents?
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primary stain
- crystal violet- stains cell mordent - Gram's iodine- holds primary dye onto cell Decolorizer -usually alcohol- removes primary dye from Gram negative cell counter stain -safrinin- recolors cells that lose stain through decolorization |
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during the gram staining procedure what step and what does crystal violet do?
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Primary step
- stains the cell |
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during the gram staining procedure what does the mordent Gram's iodine do?
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holds primary dye onto cell
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during the gram staining procedure what is alcohol used for?
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used as a decolorizer usually
removes primary dye from gram negative bacteria |
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during the gram staining procedure what does safrinin do?
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secondary or counter stain
recolors cells that lose stain through decolorization the cells which are dyed with this stain are gram negative cells b/c the cell walls are smaller and therefore do not retain the color during the decolorizing step |
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when do we use Acid-fast staining technique?
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in order to stain organisms that resist conventional staining
EX: mycobacterium which don't stain easily due to mycolic acid (high lipid concentration) in the cell wall |
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what in mycobacterium warrents the use of Acid-fast staining technique?
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Mycolic Acid in the cell wall which prevents the uptake of dye
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T or F in the Acid-Fast staining technique heat is used in order to facilitate the staining process
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True
once stained it is difficult to decolorize |
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what are the three steps in the acid-fast staining technique?
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Primary dye
-carbol fuchsin- colors acid-fast bacteria RED Decolorizer - acid alcohol- removes stain from non-acid-fast bacteria Counter stain - methylene blue- colors non-acid-fast bacteria BLUE |
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what is an example of a negative stain?
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capsule stain- stains background of capsule allowing the capsule to stand out around organism
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what does capsule stain Stain?
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the background allowing the capsule to stand out around the organism
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T or F acid-fast stain and endospore stain uses heat to facilitate staining
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True
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which stains discussed uses heat to facilitate staining?
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acid-fast and endospore stains
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when using the flagella stain technique what is the reason for utilizing the stain?
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the stain increases the diameter of the flagella to make it more visible
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prokaryotes which are said to be coccus are what shape?
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spherical
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prokaryotes which are said to be bacillus are what shape?
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rod or cylinder shaped
cells shape should not be confused with the genus Bacillus |
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prokaryotes which are said to be coccobacillus are what shape?
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short round rod
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prokaryotes which are said to be vibrio are what shape?
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curved rod
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prokaryotes which are said to be spirillum are what shape?
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spiral shaped
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prokaryotes which are said to be spirochette are what shape?
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helical shaped
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prokaryotes which are said to be pleomorphic are what shape?
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vary in shape
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what are the possible shapes of prokaryotes?
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coccus
bacillus coccobacillus vibrio spirillum spirochete pleomorphic |
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what arrangement of cocci would you most likely see neisseria gonorrhoeae?
|
pairs = diplococci
OO OO OO OO OO |
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what arrangement of cocci would you most likely see streptococcus ?
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chains- streptococci
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO |
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prokaryotic cells can have a morphology where there is a division along two or three perpendicular planes to form what?
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cubical packets
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prokaryotic cells can have a morphology where there is a division along several random planes which form?
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clusters
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bacteria which live in groups with other bacterial cells form what type of morphology if they are prokaryotes?
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multicellular associations
these organisms form a swarm of cells |
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what surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and defines its boundaries?
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cytoplamic membrane
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T or F the cytoplamic membane serves as an impermeable barrier between cell and external environment
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FALSE
the cytoplamic membane serves as an SEMI PERMEABLE barrier between cell and external environment |
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what structure of a cell has a (phospho) lipid bilayer with embedded proteins?
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cytoplasmic membrane
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each leaflet composed of phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane contains a ___1___ head and ___2___ tail?
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1. hydrophilic head
2. hydrophobic tail |
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what is the functions of the proteins in the cytoplamic membrane?
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receptors (sense surrounding)
transport gates |
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T or F in a cytoplasmic membrane the proteins are stationary in order to act as receptors and transport gates
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FALSE
the proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane are constantly changing position |
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what is the fluid mosaic model?
|
it demonstrates that proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane are constantly changing position and therefore not stationary
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the cytoplamic membrane determines which molecules pass into or out of the cell this means they are?
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selectively permeable
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how do molecules pass through the selectively permeable cytoplasmic membrane?(2 ways)
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simple diffusion - no energy required
transport mechanisms -may require carrier proteins and energy |
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what is an example of simple diffusion?
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osmosis
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what may pass through the cytoplasmic membrane by utilizing simple diffusion?
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water
certain gasses small hydrophobic molecules |
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during osmosis what prevents the membrane from rupturing?
|
the rigid cell wall
|
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what are used in the formation of proton motive force?
|
proteins
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T or F facilitated diffusion moves from high to low concentrations
|
True
balances gradient (equilibrium) |
|
|
T or F facilitated diffusion can ONLY eliminate concentration gradient it cannot create one
|
True
|
|
|
how much energy is normally required in order for facilitated diffusion to take place?
|
NONE
DOESN'T require energy |
|
|
T or F active transport does not require energy
|
False
Requires an expenditure of energy |
|
|
which direction does the concentrations move during Active transport?
|
LOW to High
|
|
|
what are the primary mechanisms of Active Transport?
|
proton motive force
ATP binding cassette system |
|
|
how does bacteria get rid of antibacterial material?
|
by utilizing proton motive force
|
|
|
ABC transport (ATP binding cassette system) uses what to scavenge and deliver molecules to transport complex?
|
binding proteins
EX- Maltose transport |
|
|
what transport mechanism chemically alters molecule during passage?
|
group transport
EX: phosphotransferase system by phosphoralating sugar molecule during transport therefore not changing the sugar balance across the membrane |
|
|
what are some characteristics of a cell wall? (6)
|
rigid structure
surrounds cytoplamic membane determines the shape of bacteria holds cell together prevents cell from bursting unique chemical structure -distinguishes Gram (+) from Gram (-) |
|
|
what is the rigidity of the cell wall due too?
|
peptidoglycan
only found in bacteria |
|
|
what does peptidoglycan do for the cell wall?
|
makes the cell wall rigid
only found in bacteria |
|
|
what is the basic structure of peptidoglycan?
|
N-acetylglucosamin and N-acetylmuramic acid which are in an alternating series formation
NAG--NAM--NAG--NAM |
|
|
the four amino acids which hold the glycan chain of the alternating subunits (NAM)&(NAG) of peptidoglycan together are called?
|
tetrapeptide chain
|
|
|
which cell wall is lager Gram + or Gram -
|
Gram + it has almost 30 or more layers
|
|
|
what could target the cross linkage of tetrapeptide chain in a cell wall?
|
Penicillin (antibiotics)
|
|
|
what component of petidoglycan (PTG) gives the cell a negative charge?
|
teichoic acid
|
|
|
in the Gram negative cell wall PTG is sandwiched between what two layers?
|
outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane
|
|
|
in the gram negative cell wall what is the region between the outer membrane and the cytoplamic membrane called?
|
periplasm
most of secreted proteins are contained here |
|
|
where are most of the secreted proteins contained in the cell wall of a gram - bacteria?
|
periplasm
|
|
|
T or F the outer membrane of Gram - bacteria consist of a phospholipid layer which serves as a barrier to a large number of molecules
|
FALSE
the outer membrane of Gram - bacteria consist of a LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) layer which serves as a barrier to a large number of molecules |
|
|
in the LPS of a gram - bacteria small molecules or ions pass through channels called?
|
porins
|
|
|
what are porins?
|
channels in which small molecules or ions pass through
|
|
|
what is the toxic part of Gram - bacteria?
|
cell wall
|
|
|
what is unique to only gram - cells?
|
LPS lipopolysaccharides
periplamic space cell wall is toxic part of G - |
|
|
O-specific polysaccharide side chain is directed in which way in reference to the membrane?
|
away from
Lipid A is towards |
|
|
what is O-specific polysaccharide side chain used for?
|
to identify certain species or strains
|
|
|
Lipid A plays a role in recognition of what?
|
infection
blood stream infection, endotoxin |
|
|
is penicillin more effective against G+ or G- bacterias and why?
|
G+ b/c it has more PTG therefore it can interfere with more cross-linkages of glycan chains by tetrapeptides
|
|
|
what breaks the bonds which links NAM to NAG?
|
LYSOZYMES
-found in tears and saliva |
|
|
lysozymes produce what in G+ bacteria?
|
protoplast
G- = spheroplast |
|
|
lysozymes produces what in G- bacteria?
|
spheroplast
G+ = protoplast |
|
|
T or F mycoplasma which causes pneumonia does not contain a cell wall making it a unique bacteria
|
True
sterols account for strength of membrane therefore antimicrobial directed toward cell wall is ineffective |
|
|
T or F Bacteria in the domain Archaea do not contain PTG
|
True
it contains Pseudopeptidoglycan |
|
|
what are the general functions of the capsules and slime layers?
|
protection- against host
attachment- adheres to specific surfaces |
|
|
a distinct gelatinous layer
a. slime layer b. capsule layer c. cell wall d. outer membane layer |
b. capsule layer
|
|
|
is an irregular diffuse layer
a. slime layer b. capsule layer c. cell wall d. outer membane layer |
a. slime layer
|
|
|
what is the chemical composition of capsules and slime layers?
|
Glycocalyx
glyco- sugar calyx- shell |
|
|
what are some protein appendages in which bacteria have which are not essential for life?
|
pili
flagella these aid in survival of certain environments |
|
|
what is the difference between pili and flagella?
|
pili are shorter are necesary for attachment and conjugation but like flagella can aid in movement and have a similar structure (protein subunits)
flagella - longer aid in movement and has three basic parts (filament, hook, and basal body) |
|
|
what are the 3 basic parts to flagella?
|
filament- made of flagellin
hook- connects filament to cell basal body- anchors flagellum in cell wall |
|
|
how does flagella move?
|
through the use of chemotaxis
- if the chemical is nutrient acts as attractant -if the chemical is toxic it acts as a repellent |
|
|
flagella arrangements:
single flagellum at one pole is called? |
monotrichous
|
|
|
flagella arrangements:
single flagella at both poles is called? |
amphitrichous
|
|
|
flagella arrangements:
two or more flagella at one or both poles is called? |
lophotrichous
|
|
|
flagella arrangements:
completely surrounded by flagella is called? |
peritrichous
|
|
|
what is the functions of pili?
|
attachment- (fimbre)
movement conjugation- DNA transfer |
|
|
which of the below structures of a bacteria are essential for life?
a. plasmid b. chromosome c. endospores d. storage granules e. ribosome |
b. chromosome
e. ribosome |
|
|
T or F in a bacteria the chromosome contains all genetic information but does not have a nuclear membrane
|
True
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of a plasmid?
|
circular DNA molecule
extrachromosomal- independently replicating encode characteristic- could enhance survival |
|
|
what are some characteristics of a ribosome in bacteria?
|
protein synthesis
larger than eukaryotic ribosomes 30S+50S-70S |
|
|
what in bacterial cell accumulates polymers?
|
storage granules
|
|
|
what in bacterial cell is known as small protein compartments which provides buoyancy to cell?
|
gas vesicles
regulating vesicles allows organisms to reach ideal position in environment |
|
|
what all is endospores resistant to?
|
heat
desiccation chemicals UV light |
|
|
fungi and bacteria can form how many endospores?
|
fungi = millions
bacteria= 1 |
|
|
where might you see endospores
a. gram + b. gram - c. both d. neither |
a. gram +
bacillus and clostridium |
|
|
what makes endospores resistant?
|
dipicolinic acid in the coat
|
|
|
what does dipicolinic acid do in an endospore?
|
makes it resistant almost everything
can only be destroyed by moist heat under pressure (autoclaves) |
|
|
certain chemicals and heating forces endospores to go through another process called?
|
germination
|
|
|
what ways do some molecules pass through the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell?
|
transport proteins
endocytosis exocytosis |
|
|
T or F prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in transportation across the membrane by utilizing endo/exocytosis
|
False
eukaryotes utilize endo and exocytosis not prokaryotes |
|
|
what is the process in which eukaryotic cells bring in material from surrounding environment?
|
endocytosis
|
|
|
what specific type of endocytosis is important in body defences by sending out a psudopod to surround the microbe and then takes it into a vacuole which after a few more steps destroys and breaks down the microbe?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
what unique characteristics distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
|
cytoskeleton
flagella cilia 80S ribosome |
|
|
what is the cytoskeleton composed of?
|
Microtubules- thickest-tubulin
Actin filaments- motion Intermediate fibers- help resist physical stress |
|
|
what is important about microtubules?
|
thickest cytoskeletal structure
made of tubulin mitotic spindles found in cilia and flagella |
|
|
what is important about actin filaments?
|
actin
cell cytoplasm to move by assemble and disassembling cilia and flagella |
|
|
what is important about intermediate fibers?
|
strengthen cell
enable cells to resist physical stress |
|
|
what is important about flagella?
|
flexible
motility 9+2 arrangement |
|
|
what is important about cilia?
|
shorter than flagella
often cover cell 9+2 arrangement |
|
|
T or F the cytoplamic membrane covers flagella and cilia
|
True
|
|
|
mitosis
a. sexual b. asexual |
b. asexual
|
|
|
meiosis
a. sexual b. asexual |
a. sexual
|
|
|
Rough ER
a. lipid synthesis b. calcium storage c. protein synthesis |
c. protein synthesis
|
|
|
smooth ER
a. lipid synthesis b. calcium storage c. protein synthesis |
a. lipid synthesis
b. calcium storage degrades some molecules |
