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140 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Prokaryotes

No true nucleus


No organelles except for ribosomes

Eukaryotes

Have a true nucleus


Contain organelles


Humans (animals), plants, fungi, protista

Progenotes

Ancestorial cells

Genetic engineering

Creates new products

Bioremediation

Restores stability or cleans up toxic pollutants

Helicobacter pylori

Gastric ulcers


Replicates and causes infection

Spontaneous generation

Belief that invisible vital forces led to creation of life


Disproved

Abiogenesis

Actual origins of life on Earth

Louis Pasteur

Pasteurization


Swan neck flasks

Robert Hooke

Compound microscope

Leeuwenhoek

Simple microscope

Joseph Lister

Father of antiseptic surgery


Carbolic acid antiseptic technique

Ferninand Cohn

Discovered endospores


Founder of bacteriology

Robert Koch

Verified germ theroy of disease


Discovered specific microbes cause specific diseases

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ingaz semmelweiz

Importance of handwashing and aseptic techniques by doctors

Macromolecules

Very large molecules


Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (structural), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

Monomers

Subunits of macromolecules

Polymers

Chains of monomers

Polysaccharide

Structural support and protection


Nutrient/energy stores

Lipopolysaccharide LPS

Symptoms of Fever and shock

Glycocalyx

Outer surface of many cells


Functions as Attachment or as a receptor

Mycoplasma

No cell wall


Compensates by adding chloresterol molecules to reinforce structure


M. pneumoniae

Mycobacteria

Mycolic acid


Tuberculosis


Virulence factor

Virulence factor

Any factor that increases disease causing ability of organisms


Makes it easier to cause disease

Cholesterol

Reinforces structure of cell


Compensates for no cell wall

Amino acid

-building block of proteins

Denatured

Protein unfolds

Enzyme

Protein catalyst

DNA

Coded genetic program with specific and detailed instructions for each organism's heredity


AT, GC


Deoxyribose

RNA

Helper molecules


Carry our DNA's instructions


Translate DNA into proteins


AU, GC


Ribose

Nomenclature

Genus than species


1st letter only is capital


Everything underlined (written) or itilicized

Species

Most specific

Domians

Bacteria (prokaryotes)


Archaea


Eukarya (Eukaryotes)



Kingdoms

Most broad


Animals


Plants


Protists- unicellular algae and protozoa


Monera- all prokaryotes


Fungi- yeasts and molds

Archaebacteria

Produces oxygen though photosynthesis

Five I's of microbiology

Inncoulation


Incubation


Isolation


Inspection


Identification

Pure culture

1 intended organism


No conatimation


Most frequently used

Mixed culture

2 or more intended organisms


Type of pure culture

Contaminated culture

Intended to be pure or mixed, but has been contaminated by unknown substance


Cause: cover left off, dirty instrument

Liquid media

Water based


Does not solidify above freezing temp


Flows freely

Semisolid media

Between liquid and solid


Does not flow freely


Soft clotlike consistently

Solid media

Can be liquified with heat


Remains in place when tilted


1-5 percent agar

Chemically defined media

Composition is precisely defined


Exact formula


No variation

Complex media

At least one ingredient is not chemically definable


Ex. Sheep blood agar

Selective media

Isolates one type of microorganism from many


Ex. MacConkey agar (gram -), CNA agar (gram +), Mannitol salt agar (staphylococcus), sabouraud agar (fungi)

Differential media

Shows differences between multiple different organisms


Ex. Blood agar (hemolysis), Mannitol salt agar (staphylococcus), Sulfur Indole motility , MacConkey agar (lactose fermentation)

Colony forming unit

Colony may have been formed by multiple cells

Differential and Selective media ex.'s

Mannitol salt agar


MacConkey agar

Reducing medium

Absorbs/slows penetration of oxygen


Grows anaerobic bacteria (no o2)

Transport media

Used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time

Streak plate technique

Goal is colony isolation

Micron (μm)

AKA micrometer


1/1000 of mm

nanometer
1/1000 of micron

bright field scope

felid is bright, cell is dark


what we use

Dark field scope

field around cells is dark, cell is bright



TEM and SEM

use electron beam to view specimens


take up the whole room

oil immersion lens

uses oil to capture light that would otherwise scatter


reducing scatter increases resolution

wet mount
drop of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a cover slip
hanging drop

drop of culture placed in depression


sealant and cover slip are used to suspend the sample

heat fix

gently kills specimen


attaches cells to slide

basic dye

positive charge


dyes the cells

acidic dyes

negative charge


dyes area around cell, NOT the cells

All bacterial cells have a _____ charge
negative
simple stain

uses one dye


reveals relative sixe, shape, and arrangement of cell

differential stains

uses two different colored dyes (primary and counterstain)


distinguishes cell types or parts

Gram postive
thick cell wall
gram negative
thin cell wall

gram stain

primary stain (crystal violet +), flood with iodine, alcohol rinse (decolorizes the cell), counterstain (safranin, - , pink) colors gram - cells that were decolorized


used for bacterial classification and identification


shows differences in structure of cell wall (thick- gram +, thin- gram -)

Acid fast stain

Acid resistant


differentiates acid fast bacteria from non acid fast

acid resistant
acid can't remove colored dye from cell
non acid fast
acid can wash out the colored stain
Endospore stain

stain distinguishes between spores and vegetative cells


identifies gram +, spore forming members of Bacillus and Clostridium genus

capsule staining

uses + and - stains


shows capsule around the cell (due to contrast of colors)

Capsule

enhibits phagocytosis


enables bacteria to reproduce

positive stain
basic/alkaline

negative stain
acidic
Flagellar staining
used to reveal tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for movement
All bacterial cells possess

cell membrane


cytoplasm


ribosomes


cytoskeleton


1 chromosome (usually)

Most bacterial cells possess

cell wall (not mycoplasma)


glycocalyx (surface coating)

SOME bacterial cells possess

flagella, pili, fimbriae


outer membrane (only gram -)


plasmids


inculsions


endospores


intracellular membranes


capsule

nucleoid
region where chromosome is found
pleomorphism

cells of one species vary in shape in size


ex. mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, corynebacterium, haemophilus

monomorphic
most prokaryotes are unicellular and have one shape
coccobacillus
short and plump rod
coccus
spheres
Bacillus
rod
vibro
greatly curved rod
spirillum
curved/spiral corkscrew
spriochete

spiral cell containing flagella



Branching fillaments
multiple branches off a basic rod structure
dipplococcus
two cells stuck together
Streptococcus
chain of cocci
Tetrad
packet of 4 cells
Sarcina
packet of 8-64 cells
Staphloccocci
irregular clusters of cells
Micrococci
irregular cluster of smaller than normal cells
Montotrichous Flagella
single flagellum
Lophotrichous Flagella
small bunches of flagella at one side
Amphitrichous Flagella
Flagella at both sides of the cell
Peritrichous Flagella
Flagella randomly all over cell

Bacterial Flagella

rotate 360 degrees


connected to gram - bacteria because of the outer membrane

periplasmic Flagella

AKA axial filaments or endoflagellum


Internal Flagellum (found between cell membrane and cell wall)


Pathogens: treponema, pallidum, Borella burgdorferi

Runs and Tumbles

Run- smooth linear movement towards stimulus


Tumbles- rotation reverses, causing cell to stop and change course

Fimbriae
used for attachment to various surfaces
Pili

attachment of 1 cell to another


and genetic exchange during conjugation

Glyocalyx

sugar coat


slime layer (sticky, loosely organized, and thin)


OR capsule (thick, organized)


Inhibits phagocytosis and allows replication

cell envelope

lies outside cytoplasm


composed of


-outer membrane (gram - only)


-cell wall


-cell/plasma/cytoplasmic membrane

Gram positive cell

THICK Cell well (peptidoglycan)


cell membrane (ATP produced)


teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid


1 membrane



Gram Negative Cell

**Outer Membrane


THIN Cell wall (peptidoglycan)


cell membrane


Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)


2 membranes


porins

Periplasmic space
surrounds cell membrane
protoplast

Gram + cell loses cell wall


(cell membrane left)

Spheroplast

gram - cell loses cell wall


(outer membrane and cell membrane left)

Cytoplasmic membrane

lipid bilayer with proteins


site of ATP synthesis


Regulate passage of nutrients in/out of cell


plays a role in DNA replication

nucleoid
location of DNA and chromosomes

plasmid

certain other nonessential extrachromosomal DNA


gives bacteria an edge to survive

Svedberg UNit

S


unit to measure how fast molecules move in a centrifuge



Eukaryotic Ribosome
80 S
Prokaryotic ribosme
70 S
Granules/ Inclusions
storage of nutrients
Bacterial endospore

substance cell produces to protect its DNA


dormant bodies


heat, chemical, and radiation resistant


common in clostridium and bacillus

Spore cycle

vegetative state- cell depleted of nurients


Chromosome duplicates and seperates


Septum (wall) separated into sporangium and forespore


Sporangium engulfs endospore


Sporangium actively synthesizes spore layers around forespore


Cortex and outer coat layers are dposited


Mature endospore


Free pore is released


Germination- spore swells and releases vegetative cell

Archaea

prokaryotic microorganisms


Found in extreme enviornments


sterols are long chain branched hydrocarbons with ester linkages


70 S

Bergey's manual of Determinative Bacteriology

identifies and differentiates unknown microbial species


classification system

Grancilicutes

gram - cell wall


thin skinned

Firmicutes

gram + cell wall


thick and strong

Tenericutes

lack of cell wall (soft)



Mendosicutes
Archaea with unusual cell walls
subspecies/strain/type
bacteria of same species with differing characteristics
sterotype/serovar
representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody (serum) responses in their hosts

phylum
division

Bacteriophage

Bacterial virus

Mannitol salt agar

Staphylococcus

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall


Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure

Cytoskeleton

Determines shape of many bacteria

Chitin

Found in fungi and arthropods

Mannitol salt agar

Staphylococcus

MacConkey agar

Gram negative (lactose fermentation)

Obligate intracellular parasites

Has to go into the cell to replicate


(Rickettsia, Chlamydia)

Atrichous

Bacteria that lack flagellum

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall


Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure