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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is essential to the success of microbiology as a field of study?
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the ability to observe microscopic organisms
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Who is the most important person to remember regarding technique development with staining procedures?
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Christian Joachim Gram
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What is resolving power?
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the minimum distance at which two objects that are close can be seen as two distinct entities
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How many dyes do simple stains use?
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one
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How do you distinguish one group of bacteria from another?
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by differential stains
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Gram stain is a multi-step procedure that uses what?
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crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin
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What other stain is differential?
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Acid fast stain
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In Acid fast stain, what is the primary stain?
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carbolfuschin
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In Acid fast stain, what is the decolorizer?
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acid alcohol
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In Acid fast stain, what is the counterstain?
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methylene blue
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Why is Capsule stain used?
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to see the capsule that is very slimy and hard stain; usually a dark background is produced and the capsule "shines" through.
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Why is Spore stain used?
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to see sports, very hard to stain, require use of heat to allow the stain to penetrate
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Why is Flagellar stain used?
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to see flagella; very difficult; uses stain with big particles in it that enlarge the thing hair-like structure
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What are fluorescent dyes and tags?
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1. some dyes you can use: acridine orange, fluorescein, rhodamine, calcofuor white...
2. choice depends on cell viability, procedure or sample. In immunofluorescence, anitbodies can be tagged with dyes and use to detect the presence of certain antigens |
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What are Prokaryotic cells?
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cells that lack a nucleus
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What are round cells called?
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coccus
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What are rod cells called?
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baccillus
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What are curve cells called?
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vibrio
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What are wiggly cells called?
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spirillum
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What are cork-screw cell called?
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spirochete
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How are Prokaryotic cells grouped?
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pairs, tetrads, clusters, and chains
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What are other associations with prokaryotic cells?
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gliders and biofilms
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What characteristics of prokaryotic cells are unique?
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lack of nucleus, lack of membrane bound organelles, presence of a cell wall and capsules
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What are characteristics of prokaryotic cells that are shared with other cells?
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ribosomes, DNA, appendages for motility or attachment, and cell membranes
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What is the outer layer?
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capsule
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what is the middle layer?
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cell wall; requirement of bacteria
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what is the inner layer?
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cytoplasm
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What do the pili do?
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help attachment
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What are flagellum?
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mobility structures
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What do capsules offer?
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more protein
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What is the most important structure of the cell?
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cytoplasmic membrane- the fluid structure arranged in a bilayer
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What does hydrophillic mean?
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water loving
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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water hating
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How are phospholipids arranged according to heads and tails?
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Hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tails
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What is the Fluid-mosaic model?
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the accommodate such that the heads face the outside and the inside of the cell, where water is abundant. The tails are trapped between the bilayer.
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What are the 3 functions of the membrane?
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1. Regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
2. It is essential for survival. 3. The membrane is semipermeable which means that it is selective in what moves through it. |
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What does the cell use to move "things" through the membrane?
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different mechanisms
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Diffusion
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moves substances from high concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis
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a special form of diffusion where the substance moved is water
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How is a proton motive force produced?
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energy can be produced in the membrane because there are protein complexes that produce it
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Sometimes cells use transport systems that use what?
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transport proteins, permeases or carriers
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Facillitated diffusion
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moves things with the gradient but uses a membrane protein as help
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Active transport
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can move substance against the gradient at the expense of energy
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What do nearly all bacteria have?
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a cell wall
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What are the functions of the cell wall?
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1. maintains the shape of the bacterium
2. prevents bursting when water moves in 3. it does not regulate what goes in and out |
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What is the cell wall made up of?
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peptidogycan, a large polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG), and N-acetyl-muramic acid(NAM), linked with teichoic acid
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What are the two main arrangements that can be found for the cell wall components?
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Thick peptidoglycan layer and Thin peptidoglycan with a thick layer of lipolyssacharide
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What do prokaryotes have on the outside of their simple bodies?
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capsules and slime layers
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What are capsules and slime layers most likely made up of?
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polysaccharides or polypeptides
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Why do prokaryotes contribute to pathogenesis?
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because they affect the adherance properties of the bacterium
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What are Flagella?
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long appendages made of flagellin that help a bacterium move
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Pilli
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allow a bacterium to attach
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Nucleoid
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region where the DNA is
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Ribosomes
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granule-like structures where protein synthesis takes place
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Plasmids
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self-replicating circular DNA that confers resistance to antibiotics or ability to transfer DNA by conjugation
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Storage granules
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to store nutrients, air, or water: gas vesicles for buoyancy
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Endospores
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to preserve DNA from unfriendly conditions
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Who loves Micro?
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Aj, Cara, Emmy, and Sary
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Who is the best though?
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Sarah duh
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