Chapter 3 Microbiology

Front 1

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 1

first to observe live microorganisms
known as the father of microbiology
made improvements to the 1st microscope and got 300X magnification

Front 2

most of pathogenic fungi are

Back 2

dimorphic

Front 3

micrometer

Back 3

is equal to 0.000001m

micro indicates that the unit following should be divided by 1 million

Front 4

nanometer

Back 4

is equal to 0.000000001m

Front 5

1 meter equals how many centimeters

Back 5

100 cm

Front 6

1 metere equals how many micrometers

Back 6

1000 micrometers

Front 7

1 micrometer equals how many nanometers

Back 7

1000 nanometers

Front 8

Size of Protozoa

Back 8

100 micrometers

Front 9

Size of Yeast

Back 9

8 micrometers

Front 10

Size of Bacteria

Back 10

1-5 micrometers
(some are much longer than wide)

Front 11

Rickettsia

Back 11

0.4 micrometers
intracellular bacterium, gram negative

Front 12

Chlamydia

Back 12

0.25 micrometers
causes syphillis

Front 13

Mycoplasma

Back 13

0.25 micrometers
gram negative
causes variety of pnemonia, urinary tract infections

Front 14

bacteria contains both

Back 14

DNA and RNA

Front 15

Viruses contain

Back 15

DNA OR RNA
never both

Front 16

compound light microscope

Back 16

has a series of lenses and uses visible light to observe specimens
uses white light

Front 17

magnification

Back 17

ocular lenses and objective lenses

Front 18

resolution

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AKA resolving power
is the ability of the lens to distinguish fine detail and sructure

Front 19

Resolution for a light Microscope

Back 19

0.2 micrometers

Front 20

Contrast

Back 20

stains change refractive index

Front 21

refractive index

Back 21

a measure of the light bending ability of a medium

Front 22

as you go up in magnification, what do you need to adjust

Back 22

light, need more of it and adjust it by using substage iris diaphgram lever

Front 23

as magnification goes up, what happens to the lenses

Back 23

they get smaller which is why we have to add more light

Front 24

immersion oil

Back 24

has same refractive index as glass
helps us preserve the direction of light rays at the highest magnification

Front 25

brightfield microscope

Back 25

what we use, simplest of all optical microscope illumination
dark objects appear against a bright background

Front 26

darkfield microscope

Back 26

used to examine live microorganisms, objects are visible against a dark background

Front 27

What microscope should you use to view spirochetes?

Back 27

darkfield microscope

Front 28

spirochete

Back 28

a corkscrew shaped bacterium with axial filaments, type of spirilla bacteria

Front 29

Treponema pallidum

Back 29

spirochete that causes syphillis

Front 30

Borrelia burgdorferi

Back 30

spirochete that causes lyme disease

Front 31

Fluorescence Microscope

Back 31

absorbs UV light and emits visible light, used a lot in clinical labs

Front 32

immunofluorescence

Back 32

a diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorochromes and viewed through a fluorescence microscope

Front 33

the smaller the wavelength

Back 33

the higher the resolution

Front 34

prokaryotes

Back 34

have no cell organelles

Front 35

electron microscope

Back 35

uses electrons and electromagnetic lenses to view specimens, there are 2 types

Front 36

2 types of electron microscopes

Back 36

scanning electron
transmission electron

Front 37

transmission electron microscope

Back 37

a electron microscope that provides high magnification 10,000-100,000X of thin sections of a specimen

Front 38

scanning electron microscope

Back 38

an electron microscope that provides 3D views of a specimen magnified 1000-10,000X

Front 39

staining

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simply means to color the microorganism with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

Front 40

fixing

Back 40

in slide prep: the process of attaching the specimen to the slide

Front 41

smear

Back 41

thin film of material containing microorganisms spread over the surface of a slide

Front 42

Technique for preparing a slide for light microscopy

Back 42

1) Smear
2) Air Dry
3) Heat Fix

Front 43

Basic Dyes

Back 43

cationic chromophore
(positive charged)

Front 44

Acidic Dyes

Back 44

Anionic Chromophore
(negative charged)

Front 45

Chromophore

Back 45

stains are salts composed of positive and negative ions, one of which gets colored called a

Front 46

Negative Staining

Back 46

a procedure that results in a colorless bacteria against a stained background
the bacteria repels the stain

Front 47

3 types of staining techniques

Back 47

simple
differential
special

Front 48

simple stain

Back 48

uses a single basic dye and sometimes a mordant

Front 49

mordant

Back 49

substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely

Front 50

type of mordant we will commonly use

Back 50

iodine

Front 51

differential stains

Back 51

twp types
react differently with different types of bacteria and can be used to distinguish them

Front 52

types of differential stains

Back 52

acid fast stain
gram stain

Front 53

Differential Stains use what type of dye?

Back 53

basic dye

Front 54

gram stain

Back 54

differential stain that classifies bacteria into 2 groups: gram positive and gram negative

Front 55

gram positive

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bacteria that retain the color of the primary stain after the alcohol attempts to decolorize it

stains a dark purple or violet

Front 56

gram negative

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bacteria that loses the dark violet or purple color after decolorization

stains pink

Front 57

Steps to make a gram stain

Back 57

1) heat fixed smear is covered with a primary stain, a basic purple dye
2) Dye is washed off, mordant is added
3) Slide is washed with a decolorizing agent
4) Alcohol is rinsed off and stained with a basic red dye

Front 58

negative staining is used for

Back 58

bacteria with capsules, which is a slime layer around the bacteria

Front 59

Acid Fast Stain

Back 59

a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol

cells that retain a basic stain in the presence of acid alcohol

Front 60

which dye can be used as a simple stain?

Back 60

any basic dye
usually methylene blue, safranin, crystal violet

Front 61

Acid Fast Stains are used to identify what type of bacteria

Back 61

myobacterium

Front 62

Special Stains

Back 62

used to color and isolate specific parts of microorganisms

Front 63

Negative staining for capsules

Back 63

uses basic stain and negative stain to test for the presence of a capsule

Front 64

flagella staining

Back 64

requires a mordant to make the flagella wide

Front 65

endospore stain

Back 65

heat is required to drive the stain into it