Microbiology- Chapter 1 (Main Themes Of Microbio)

Front 1

What is a microorganism?

Back 1

Organism or a virus that is too small to be seen without a microscope (smaller than 0.5 mm) <-- Algea

Front 2

What is basic biological science?

Back 2

- Living cells and how they work.
- Microbial diversity and their evolution.

Front 3

What is applied biological science?

Back 3

-Causative agents of various infectious diseases
-Biodegradation
-Industrial processes

Front 4

Why do microorganisms provide a good model system?

Back 4

- They are small, easy to handle.
- Biochemical pathways identical to those in plants/animals
-Short generation time ( Which helps in Genetics)

Front 5

List the 5 branches of microbiology?

Back 5

- Agricultural Microbiology
- Biotechnology
-Genetic Engineering
-Food microbiology
-Aquatic Microbiology

Front 6

What is Genetic Engineering?

Back 6

Manipulation of genetics of the microbes to create new products.

Front 7

What is Food Microbiology concerned with?

Back 7

Food quality (contamination, presence of bacteria ect.)

Front 8

What is involved in Biotechnology?

Back 8

- Food and other products manufactured via microbial activity.
-Dairy products (yogurt, cheese), pickels, sausages, Bread, beer, wine.

Front 9

( Microorganisms and Energy)

How is methane (natural gas) produced?

Back 9

By activity of methanogemic bacteria.

Front 10

(Microorganisms and Energy)

True or false?

Microalage can be used as a source of Biofuels.

Back 10

True

Front 11

( Impact of Microbes on Earth)

Fill in the blanks.

The 1st organism appear on earth __ billion years ago.

Back 11

4

Front 12

How do Microbes affect earth?

Back 12

-Photosynthesis ( Oxygen production)
- Primary Production ( Synthesis of organic matter)
- Decomposition

Hint 12

Processes essential for life on earth.

Front 13

What are the uses of Microorganism for humans?

Back 13

- Extraction of metals from the ore by bacteria
- Making of drugs and other products ( Penicillin, fermentor)
- Detoxification ( Bioremediation) of oil spills.

Front 14

Fill in the blanks.

The human body can resist the invasion of pathogenic microbes by the ___, mucous membrane _____ and antimicrobial chemicals (interferons).

Back 14

Skin

Stomach Acid

Front 15

Compare and contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Back 15

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic both have cell envelope. Prokaryotic has a nucleoid ( DNA location) while Eukaryotic have a nucleus. Eukaryotic have organelles, Prokaryotic do not.

Front 16

True or false.

Viruses do not have cellular structure.

Back 16

True

Front 17

Fill in the blanks.

Viruses have only one type of nucleic acid DNA or _____.

Back 17

RNA

Front 18

What is the dimension of Prokaryotic cells?

Back 18

1-10 um

Front 19

What is the dimension of Eukaryotic cells?

Back 19

10-100 um

Front 20

What is the dimension of Viruses?

Back 20

10-100 um

Front 21

How do autotrophs produce food?

Back 21

Synthesize own food (photosynthesis)

Ex: Microalage

Front 22

How do Heterotrophs get food?

Back 22

Used already made organic matter

Front 23

What is Taxanomy?

Back 23

The classification of organisms.

Front 24

Who introduced the Binomial systerm of nomenclature?

( Genus)
(Species)

Back 24

Carl Linnaeu (1735)

Front 25

Bacterial taxanomy relied on what?

Back 25

Phenotypic analysis

- Cell structure
- Storage
- products
-staining
-biochemical
- characteristics
- morphology

Front 26

What is Molecular taxanomy?

Back 26

Nucleic acid analysis.

Front 27

List the Taxomic categories.

Back 27

Domain
Kingdom
Phyllum (division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (Basic unit)

Front 28

True or False.

Aristotle distinguished between plants and animals.

Back 28

True

Front 29

Who invited the 5 Kingdom system?

Back 29

Robert Whittaker (1969)

1- Moneral (prokaryotes)
2-Protistae ( unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes)
3-Fungi
4- Plants
5-Animals

Front 30

What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ( 1673-1723) do?

Back 30

- Inventor of the microscope
- First to see that microbes are ALIVE
- Father of bacteriology

Front 31

What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek see with his microscope?

Back 31

- Different shapes of bacteria
- Red blood cells, spermatozoa, plant and animal cells
- Magnification of his microscope was 32X

Front 32

Robert Hook (1665) came up with what theory?

Back 32

Cell Theory- All living things are composed of cells.

* Compound microscope

Front 33

What questions were asked by microbiologist during the Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900)

Back 33

- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? (no)
- What causes fermentation?
- What causes diseases?
- How can we prevent diseases?

Front 34

Who first came up with the idea of "Spontaneous Generation" and why?

Back 34

Artistotle, because he observed maggots arise from corpses.

Front 35

When was Spontaneous generation finally disproved and by who?

Back 35

In the 1850s by Louis Pasteur.
With his S-shape flasks that kept microbes our but let air in.

*Look for pictures of*
- Pasteur's Sawn Neck Flask

Front 36

What were Louis Pasteur's discoveries?

Back 36

- Role of yeast in alcohol fermentation
- Devised the process of pasteurization and basis of aseptic techniques
- Disease of wine could be prevented by heating the wine for a short time for a temp of 55C-60C
- First preventive treatment for rabies (vaccine)

Front 37

Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease?

Back 37

Louis Pasteur

Front 38

Who proved the Germ Theory of Disease?

Back 38

Robert Kock ( 1876)

Front 39

List some of Robert Kock's achivements.

Back 39

- gave 1st proof that bacteria cause disease ( by isolating the anthrax bacillus in pure culture)
- Perfect the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture ( solid media- boiled potato)
- Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (organism causing tuberculosis. Tuberculin- substance used for diagnosis of tuberculosis)
- Introduced the staining procedure for M.tuberculosis ( Acid fast staining)
- First to stain bacterial smears
- Discovered the causative agent of cholera
- 1905 received Novel Prize for Medicine

Front 40

Who introduced the procedure of disinfection of surgery rooms?

Back 40

Joseph Lister ( like the mouthwash)

Front 41

Who discovered penicillin and when?

Back 41

1928, Alexander Fleming.

Front 42

How is Penicillin produced and when did production start in the US?

Back 42

By mold, in 1945.

Front 43

What can be two problems with Antibiotics?

Back 43

1-Can be toxic to humans.
2- Spread of new varieties of resistant microorganisms.

Front 44

What were some developments of techniques that facilitated further progress of microbiology?

Hint: 4

Back 44

- Pure cultures (clone)
- Used of Petri dishes
- Aseptic techniques (sterile)
- Bacteria as distinct species

Front 45

What is a pure culture?

Back 45

A culture consisting of only one type of microorganism (using potatoes).

Front 46

Name 6 developments of Microbiology in the 20th Century?

Back 46

- Bacteriology
- Mycology ( Study of fungi, fungal infections rising)
- Parasitology ( protozoa and parasitic worms)
- Immunology
- Virology
- Recombinant DNA technology ( Fragments of foreign DNA can be incorporated into bacterial genom)