Chapter 1 Evolution Of Microorganisms And Microbiology

Front 1

List 6 reasons why microorganisms are important.

Back 1

1. Most populous and diverse
2. Everywhere on the planet
3. Play major role in recycling essential elements
4. Source of nutrients: some carryout photosynthesis
5. Benefits society: produce food, drinks, antibiotics, vitamins
6. Some cause disease in plants and animals

Front 2

Microorganisms (and acellular entities) are too small to be seen by the eye. How small are some of them?

Back 2

Less than 1 mm

Front 3

Microorganisms are relatively simple. What do they lack?

Back 3

1. Highly differentiated cells
2. Distinct tissue

Front 4

Cellular organisms can include...?

Back 4

1 Fungi (yeasts)
2. Protists (Algae, Protozoa)
3. Bacteria (E.coli)
4. Archaea (Methanogens)

Front 5

Acellular entities can include...?

Back 5

1. Viruses (proteins and n-acids)
2. Viroids (RNA)
3. Virusoids (RNA)
4. Prions (Proteins)

Front 6

What are the two types of microbial cells?

Back 6

1. Prokaryotic - lacks a nucleous
2. Eukaryotic - has a nucleous are usally are larger

Front 7

What are the three domain systems of microorganisms (based on the rRNA)?

Back 7

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Front 8

List several characteristics of Bacteria.

Back 8

1. Single celled
2. Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
3. No membrane bound nucleous
4. They live EVERYWHERE
5. Cyanobacteria produce oxygen

Front 9

Describe some characteristics of the domain Archaea.

Back 9

1. Have unique rRNA sequences
2. Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall
3. Unique membrane lipids
4. Unusual metabolic characteristics
5. Can live in extreme environment

Front 10

List some examples of eukaryotic protists.

Back 10

1. Larger than bacteria and archaea
2. Algae
3. Protozoa (grazers)
4. Slime molds
5. Water Molds

Front 11

Protists and Fungi are from what domain?

Back 11

Eukarya

Front 12

List some examples of eukaryotic fungi

Back 12

1. Yeast (unicellular)
2. Mold (multicellular)

Front 13

Name 4 acellular infectious agents.

Back 13

1. Viruses
2. Viroids
3. Virusoids
4 Prions

Front 14

List some characteristics of viruses.

Back 14

1. Smallest of all microbes
2. Requires host cell
3. Causes range of diseases and some cancers

Front 15

In simple terms, what are prions?

Back 15

Infectious proteins

Front 16

What is the definition of life?

Back 16

1. Cell and organization
2. Responds to environment
3. Grows and develops
4. Regulates (homeostasis)
5. Reproduces

Front 17

What is the oldest evidence of archaean life?

Back 17

Swartkoppie chert (from 3.5 billions years ago)

Front 18

What is used to study the origin of life?

Back 18

Indirect evidence and scientific method

Front 19

What were the earliest molecules?

Back 19

RNA molecules surrounded by liposomes - which made proteins
Specifcally ribozymes that catalyzed peptide bonds

Front 20

RNA in modern day cells consists of...?

Back 20

rRNA, tRNA and mRNA

Front 21

What is the actual name of ATP?

Back 21

Adenosine 5' triphosphate - this is a ribonucleotide

Front 22

Where did the earliest energy sources come from?

Back 22

Inorganics (molecules w/out carbon)

Front 23

What was the earliest metabolism process?

Back 23

Photosynthesis - cyanobacteria 2.5 billion years ago AND stromatolites

Front 24

The evolution of a specific group of organisms is called what?

Back 24

Phylogeny

Front 25

How did we come about categorizing the three domains?

Back 25

1. By comparing their rRNA
2. This difference is "counted" and derived an evolutionary distance

Front 26

What does LUCA stand for?

Back 26

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Front 27

The root of modern life derived from what domain branch?

Back 27

Bacteria

Front 28

What two branches evolved INDEPENDENTLY from bacteria?

Back 28

Archaea and Eukarya (these two evolved from a common ancestor)

Front 29

The origin of the organelles mitochondria, chloroplasts and hydrogenosomes came about how?

Back 29

Endosymbiosis (one organism living inside another)

Front 30

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a bacterial lineage. Name the bacteria they resemble

Back 30

Richettsia and Prochloron

Front 31

What led to selected traits in evolutions?

Back 31

Mutations of the genetic material

Front 32

Bacteria and Archaea ______ the genetic pool by ______ gene transfer within the same generation.

Back 32

increase, horizontal

Front 33

Do the domains Bacteria and Archaea reproduce sexually?

Back 33

No: they are referred to as strains

Front 34

What is a strain?

Back 34

Desendents of a single pure microbial culture

Front 35

Strains may be one of four types of bacteria. What are they?

Back 35

Biovars, serovars, morphovars, pathovars

Front 36

What formal way do we name bacteria?

Back 36

Binomial nomenclature
Genus + Species

Front 37

Who was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately?

Back 37

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Front 38

What is the idea behind spontaneous generation and who was the one who discredited it?

Back 38

That life can develop from non-life
Francesco Redi (1626 - 1697) maggot on meat from flys

Front 39

Broth --> Boiled --> Sealed
Will there be life?

Back 39

Yes
Sealed --> Boiled = no life

Front 40

What is the famous experiement that helped to discredit spontaneous generation?

Back 40

Louis Pasteurs experiement with long-necked flasks

Front 41

What were the final blows to spontaneous generation hypothesis?

Back 41

John Tyndall - dust carries microorganisms. Also proved existence of heat-resistant bacteria
Ferdinand Cohn - heat resistant bacteria produce endospores

Front 42

What was oringally the thought on the origin of diseases?

Back 42

That they were supernatural

Front 43

Name 3 people that illustrated a relationship between microorganisms and disease

Back 43

1. Bassi: Disease in silkworms caused by fungus
2. Berkeley: Potato Blight caused by water mold
3. de Bary: cereal crop diseases caused by smut and rust fungi

Front 44

What was Louis Pasteur contribution to associating disease with microorganisms?

Back 44

Developed pasteurization (killing harmful bacteria at high temps)
Showed that silkworm disease caused by protozoan

Front 45

What were Joseph Lister's contributions to diseases?

Back 45

1. Developed a system of surgery to keep microorganisms from entering wounds
2. Developed sugical dressings to guard agains infections

Front 46

What did Robert Koch establish?

Back 46

Relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

Front 47

What are Koch's postulates?

Back 47

1. Microganism must be present in every case of the disease but NOT in healthy induviduals
2. Must be isolated and grown
3. When inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease must result
4. The same microorgansim must be isolated AGAIN from the diseased host

Front 48

What are some limitations to Koch's postulate?

Back 48

1. Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture
2. Cannot use humans (unethical)
3. Molecular and genetic evidence may replace

Front 49

What is a pathogen?

Back 49

Any disease-producing agent (i.e. bacteria, virus)

Front 50

Koch's work led to discovery and development of ...?

Back 50

1. Agar (culture medium)
2. Petri dish
3. Nutrient broth and nutrient agar
4. Methods for isolating microrganisms

Front 51

What did Charles Chamberland contribute to microbiology?

Back 51

Developed porcelain bacterial filters to study tobacco mosaic disease: diseased plant (w/ viruses) passed through filters

Front 52

The heating of cultures for long periods caused pathogens to...?

Back 52

Lose their ability to cause disease

Front 53

Pasteur developed vaccines for...?

Back 53

1. Chicken cholera
2. Anthrax
3. Rabies

Front 54

What is immunology? Name a scientist associated with this disipline and what he did

Back 54

The study of host defenses (i.e. against pathogens)
Jenner: Vaccine procedure to protect against smallpox

Front 55

What did Metchnikoff discover?

Back 55

Bacteria engulfing cells in the blood (evidence for cellular immunity)

Front 56

Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation was the result of ______ activity

Back 56

microbial

Front 57

The "basic" aspects of microbiology deal with what?

Back 57

Induvidual groups of microbes, their physiology and genetics. Also molecular and taxonomy

Front 58

The "applied" aspects of microbiology deal with what?

Back 58

Practical problems: disease, water, food and industrial microbiology

Front 59

Recent discoveries in this new Golden Age of microbiology.

Back 59

1. Restriction Endonculeases (they "cut" DNA)
2. Reombinant molecules
3. DNA sequencing
4. Bioinformatics and genome sequencing

Front 60

List several field of Microbiology

Back 60

1. Medical
2. Public Health
3. Immunology
4. Microbial ecology
5. Agricultural
6. Industrial
7. Physiology

Front 61

Medical microbiology deals with...?

Back 61

Diseases in humans and animals

Front 62

Public health microbiology deals with...?

Back 62

The control and spread of diseases

Front 63

Immunology deals with..?

Back 63

How the immune system protects a host from pathogens

Front 64

Microbial ecology deals with..?

Back 64

How organisms interact with their environment

Front 65

What % of microbes on earth have we cultured?

Back 65

Less than 1 %

Front 66

Agricultural microbiology deals with...?

Back 66

Food safety

Front 67

Industrial microbiology deals with...?

Back 67

Fermentation, antibiotics and food production (cheese)

Front 68

Microbial physiology deals with...?

Back 68

Metabolic pathways

Front 69

Molecular biology, microbial genetics and bioinformatics deal with...?

Back 69

How genetic infomation regulates the development and function of cells and organisms