Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology, Chapter 1, Microbiology: Then And Now

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Microbiology

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Study of microorganisms. Not just bacteria but all microorganisms.

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Microbiology includes the disciplines of:

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Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology, Protozoology, Phycology

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Bacteriology

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The study of bacteria

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Virology

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The study of viruses

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Mycology

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The study of fungi

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Protozoology

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The study of protozoa

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These small organisms are called microbes and they include:

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Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Protista
(viruses aren't technically a microbe)

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Describe Bacteria

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Single-celled organisms
Prokaryotic - no true defined nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
Three basic shapes - bacillus (rod), spiral and coccus(spherical)
More than 10 million species
Found in two domains - bacteria & archae

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Domain

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The most inclusive taxonomic level of classification. There are three: archae, bacteria and eukarya.

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Pathogen

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Disease causing agent

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Decomposers

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Recycle nutrients from dead organisms.

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Describe viruses

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Acellular - not really a cell.
They are nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
DNA or RNA, never both.
Can be identified based on morphology (shape), RNA or DNA and biological properties.
Biological properties - what organism does it infect or what tissue does it infect.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites - must be inside a living cell to replicate. They use the machinery of the host cell to make new viral cells.
More than 3600 known types.

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Obligate intracellular parasites

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Describes viruses that must be inside a living cell to replicate. They use the machinery of the host cell to make new viral cells.

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Describe fungi

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Unicellular yeast
Multicellular- mushrooms
Eukaryotic - true defined nucleus.
Heterotrophic - Can't make own internal energy, gets nutrition from extracellular digestion involving powerful enzymes that break down nutrients into small bits that can be absorbed easily.
Detrimental: rise in rate of human fungal infections.
Beneficial: antibiotics, flavorings, beer, wine, decomposers.
Estimated 1.5 million/70,000 described.

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Describe protozoa

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Unicellular
Eukaryotic - true defined nucleus.
Heterotrophic - with some getting their nutrients from absorbing nutrients directly from their environment or by ingestion.
Consists of protozoa (amoeba) and algae.
Some free living and some parasitic.

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Robert Hooke

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Coined the term "cell"
Published the book, Micrographia

Mid 1600's English

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Simple microscope could magnify objects more than 200x
Discovered animalcules

Mid 1600's Dutch

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Francesco Redi

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Experimentation with decaying meat and decided that life comes from preexisting cells (biogenesis).

1688

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Spontaneous generation

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Most people of the 1600's believed that organisms could arise from putrefacation and decay. Life just arose.

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Biogenesis

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The belief that life comes from preexisting cells.

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John Needham

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Believed that spontaneous generation occurred as complex organisms decayed. As these organisms decay they are rearranged into animalcules. Experimented with heating corked tubes of broth.

1748

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Refuted Needham's experiment using sealed tubes heated for a longer time.

1748

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Louis Pasteur

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S-shaped flasks helped to disprove spontaneous generation.

Mid 1800's

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Miasma

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General belief that disease resulted from altered chemical quality of the air or from tiny poisonous particles in the air.

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Epidemiology

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Scientific study from which the source, cause and mode of transmission of disease can be identified (tracking back to where disease came from and how it is transmitted).

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Ignaz Semmelweis

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Childbirth fever, chlorine water

1847

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John Snow

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First disease detective - dirty water involved in disease transmission (cholera epidemic) Proposed that a germ caused cholera.

1854

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Germ

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Any microorganism capable of causing disease.

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Edward Jenner

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Came up with the smallpox vaccine (vaccination) derived from cowpox.

1796

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Vaccination

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Inocculation with weakened or dead microbes or viruses in order to generate immunity

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Christian Ehrenberg

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Suggested that rod-like organisms be called "bacteria"

1838

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Jacob Henle

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Suggested that living organisms (germs)could cause disease.

1840

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Louis Pasteur (1850's)

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Proved yeast were the living organisms responsible for the chemical process of wine fermentation. Sugar is converted to alcohol. Wine disease.
Pasteurization
Germs are organisms that cause disease.
Germ Theory of Disease

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Germ Theory of Disease

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Some microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease. Formulated by Louis Pasteur.

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Pasteurization

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The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.

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Joseph Lister

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Used a carbolic acid spray in surgery and on surgical wounds. Wounds healed without infection. Lead to the practice of antisepsis - the use of chemical methods for disinfection of living tissue.

1865

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Robert Koch

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Anthrax
Pure culture techniques.
Verified the germ theory of disease. Adopted as formalized standard for relating a specific organism to a specific disease known as Koch's Postulates.

1875

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Koch's Postulates

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1. The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease.
2. The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal, and a pure culture is prepared.
3. Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The disease is reproduced.
4. The identical microorganisms are isolated and recultiveted from the tissue specimens of the experimantal animal.

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Fanny Hesse

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Agar - a polysaccharide derived from marine seaweed that is used as a solidifying agent in microbiological culture media.

1880

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Dimitri Ivanowsky

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Isolated a fiterable agent.
Tobacco mosaic virus (plant)

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Decomposers

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Organisms that recycle nutrients from dead organisms.

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Eukaryotic

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True defined nucleus.
Plants and animals.

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Prokaryotic

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Lack of cell nucleus.
Chromosome not surrounded by membrane.
Two domains - bacteria and archaea.

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Antibiotic

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Antimicrobal substance naturally produced by mold and bacterial species that inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.

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Paul Ehrlich

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Synthesized the first chemical that could kill pathogens and not the host.
Salvarsan (the chemical) is an arsenic derivative to kill the causative agent of syphyllis. "Chemotherapy"

1910

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Antibacterial chemotherapy

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The use of antimicrobial chemicals to kill microbes.
Paul Ehrlich 1910

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Alexander Fleming

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Penicillium mold found on cultures. He named the antimicrobial substance penicillin (antibiotic).

1929

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Howard Florey
Ernst Chain

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Purified penicillin.

1940

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Gerhard Domagk

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Synthetic chemical dye called Prontosil used to treat Streptococcus infections.

1940

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Selman Waksman

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Coined the term "antibiotic."
Examination of soil bacteria led to discovery of first effective agent against tuberculosis (actinomycin).

1940's

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Biotechnology

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The commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms.

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Polymicrobial diseases

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Diseases caused by more than one infectious agent.

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Emerging Infectious Disease

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A new or changing disease that is seen for the first time. These include:
1. AIDS
2. Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome
3. Lime Disease
4. SARS

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Reemerging Infectious Disease

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A disease showing resurgence in incidence or a spread in its geographical area. These include:
1. Chlorea
2. West Nile Fever
3. TB

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Reasons for reemerging infectious diseases

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1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Increase in susceptible individuals
3. Climate change

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Bioterrorism

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The intentional or threatened use of biological agents to cause fear in or actually inflict death or disease upon a large population.

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Biofilm

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Complex community of microbes. (Microbial Ecology)

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Microbial Evolution - 3 domains

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Three domains: Bacteria, archaea and eukarya rRNA

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Bioremediation

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The use of microorganisms to remove or decontaminate toxic materials in environment. (Microbial Ecology)

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The first person to see bacterial cells with the microscope was:

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Francesco Stelluti in 1625

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Who among the following was not involved with proving or disproving spontaneous generation?
Semmelweis, Needham, Redi, Pasteur or Spallanzani

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Semmelweis

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The process of _______ involved the inoculation of dried smallpox

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Immunization

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The process of controlled heating that was used to keep wine from spoiling is called ________.

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Pasteurization

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The first person to employ antisepsis in surgery was ______.

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Joseph Lister

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What group of microorganisms has a variety of internal cell compartments and acts as decomposers?

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Fungi

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What group of microbial agents lacks the cellular structures characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

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Viruses - they have nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA which is surrounded by a protein coat.

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Salvarsan was a chemical derived from _______ and used to treat _______.

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Arsenic; syphilis

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The term "antibiotic was coined by ______ and used to treat _______.

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Waksman; bacteria and fungi

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Which one of the following is not an emerging infectious disease? SARS, Polio, Hantavirus pulmonary disease, Lyme disease or AIDS.

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Polio

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The domain Eukarya contains all the following groups except the: protozoa, fungi, viruses, algae or animals.

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Viruses

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Who proposed that wine disease was a souring of wine caused by yeast cells

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Pasteur

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Separate bacterial colonies can be observed in what type of culture? pure or broth

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Pure culture

The broth culture allowed the organisms to mix freely. It wasn't until Koch developed the pure culture technique after adding gelatin to his broth to prepare a solid culture surface in a culture dish that only one bacterial species was able to be observed.

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Who proposed that cholera was a waterborne disease?

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John Snow

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Biotechnology

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The commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms.

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Polymicrobial diseases

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diseases caused by more than one infectious agent or microbes.

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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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A new or changing disease that is sen for the first time.
1. Aids
2. Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome
3. Lime Disease
4. SARS

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Reemerging infectious diseases

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A disease showing resurgence in incidence or a spread in its geographical area.
1. Chlorea
2. West Nile Fever
3. TB

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Reasons for reemerging infectious diseases

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1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Increase in susceptible individuals.
3. Climate change (warmer)

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Bioterrorism

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The intentional or threatened use of biological agents to cause fear in or actually inflict death or disease upon a large population.

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Microbial Ecology

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1. Biofilm - Complex group or community of microbes that form a protective and adhesive matrix.

2. Bioremediation-the use of microorganism to remove or decontaminate toxic materials in the environment.

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Biofilm

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Complex group or community of microbes that form a protective and adhesive matrix.

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Bioremediation

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The use of microorganism to remove or decontaminate toxic materials in the environment.

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Microbial Evolution - name the three domains.

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Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

rRNA - ribosomal RNA sequence must be looked at before an organism is put into a domain.

Bacteria - The domain of living things that includes all organisms not classified as archaea or eukarya.

Archaea - The domain of living organisms that excludes the bacteria and eukarya.

Eukarya - The taxonomic domain encompassing all eukaryotic organisms. (True defined nucleus - plants and animals.)