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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microorganisms
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organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
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germ
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a rapidly growing cell
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pathogenic
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disease causing
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microbes are what in the ecosystem
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producers by photosynthesis
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what are some fermented foods
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vinegar cheese and bread
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what is one major way that bacteria can cause a systemic infection
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by teeth
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e.coli makes
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insulin and hGh by inserting our genes into them
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stone washing is done by
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trichoderma
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what did Linnaeus do
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establish the system of scientific nomenclature
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genus is _____ and __________ is second
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genus; followed by specific epithet
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font of scientific names are...
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underlined or italicized
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Fransiella tularensis
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causes Rabbit fever
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who discovered escherichia coli
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Theodor Escherich
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What is the most potent toxin
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C. botulism
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staphylo-
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cluster
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cocci
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sperical
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aureus
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gold-colored
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where is S. aureus found
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on the skin
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what type of microorganism causes thrush
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a fungi
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whats harder to get rid of... gram positive or gram negative
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gram negative
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what does prokaryote mean
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that it does not have a true nucleus
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what kind of cell wall do bacteria have
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bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall
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how do bacteria reproduce
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by binary fission
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how do bacteria obtain energy
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they use organic and inorganic chemicals or use photosynthesis
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compare archaea to bacteria...
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they both are prokaryotic, but archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and live in extreme environments.
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what do archaea include
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methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles
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extreme halophiles
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like salt
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extreme thermophiles
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like heat
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are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes
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eukaryotes
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what kind of cell wall do fungi have
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fungi have chitin cell walls
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how do fungi obtain energy
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use organic chemicals
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fungi such as _______ are multicellular, while _______ are unicellular
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molds and mushrooms are multicellular;
yeasts are unicellular |
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what do multicellular fungi consist of
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masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
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are protozoa prokaryotes or eukaryotes
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eukaryotes
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how do protozoa obtain energy
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they absorb or ingest organic chemicals
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are algae prokaryotes or eukaryotes
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eukaryotes
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what kind of cell wall do algae have
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cellulose cell walls
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how do algae obtain energy
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via photosynthesis
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what do algae produce
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molecular oxygen and organic compounds
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are viruses prokaryotes or eukaryotes
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no...they are acellular
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what kind of core do viruses have
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DNA or RNA core that is surrounded by a protein coat, which may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
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viruses are replicated only when they are in a
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living host cell
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examples of multicellular animal parasites...
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helminths such as parasitic flatworms and roundworms and tapeworm
heartworm |
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what are the three domains
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bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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what are the classifications of eukarya
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protists, fungi, plants, and animals (includes helminths)
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first microbes were observed in
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1673
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what was the first life on earth?
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ancestors of bacteria
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Robert Hooke
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reported that living things were composed of living boxes, or cells
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Rudolf Virchow
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said cells arise from preexisting cells (cell theory)
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cell theory
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All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
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observed and described live microorganisms as "animalcules"
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spontaneous generation
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hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
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biogenesis
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the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
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Francesco Redi
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filled 6 jars with decaying meat, supports biogenesis
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John Needham
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put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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boiled nutrient broth in a sealed flask and got no microbial growth
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Louis Pasteur
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demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
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Pasteur's S-shaped flask
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kept microbes out but let air in
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Pasteur brought about the _____ theory
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germ
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what did pasteurs work show?
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that microbes are in the air,
they can spoil food and cause fermentation, and they can cause animal diseases |
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fermentation is
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the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
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how do bacteria that use alcohol spoil wine
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by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
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pasteurization
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the application of a high heat for a short time
72 C for 30 min |
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Agostino Basso
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showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
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after Basso, Pasteur then believed that..
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another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another
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Joseph Lister
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used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
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Robert Koch
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proved that a bacterium causes anthax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
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Edward Jenner is matched with
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vaccination
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chemotherapy
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treatment with chemicals, can be synthetic drugs OR antibiotics
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antibiotics are
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chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
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the first synthetic drugs were
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quinine for malaria and salvarsan for syphillis
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Paul Erlich
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speculated about a magic bullet that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host and developed salvarsan to treat syphilis
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Alexander Fleming
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discovered the first antibiotic
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Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed
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S. aureus
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mycology
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study of fungi
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parasitology
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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immunology
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the study of immunity, vaccines, and interferons
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Rebecca Lancefield
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proposed the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes
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Bacillus thuringiensis
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infections are fatal in many insects but are harmless to other animals
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biotechnology
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the use of microbes to produce food and chemicals
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normal microbiota
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microbes normally present in and on the human body
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resistance
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the ability of the body to ward of disease
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1st defense resistance factors include...
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skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
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biofilm
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microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
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disease results when
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a pathogen overcomes the host's resistance
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EID Emerging Infection Diseases
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new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
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Avian Influenza A
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H5N2
-primarily in waterfowl in poultry -sustained H2H transmission has not occurred yet |
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MRSA
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methicillin-resistant S. aureus first in 1980s
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West Nile Encephalitis
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caused by west nile virus, appeared in NYC in 1999
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis
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caused by a prion, also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is related to cattle fed sheep offal for protein
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E. coli 0157:H7
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leading cause of diarrhea worldwide, toxin-producing strain
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
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Ebola virus
causes fever, hemorrhaging from every orifice, and blood clotting no treatment |
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Cryptosporidiosis
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causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
in the US it is transmitted via water caused by Cryptosporidium protozoa |
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AIDS
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caused by HIV
first ID'd in 1981 14,000 new infections every day |
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classes in the 5 kingdom system
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monera, protista, fungi, plants, animals
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