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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a microbe/microorganism?
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Living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa and microscopic alage.
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What is meant by the term pathogenic?
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Disease-Producing
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Are most microorganisms pathogenic?
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No, only a minority.
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What are the beneficial roles of microbes in the recycling of nutrients?
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- Microbes are responsible for converting C, N, O, S and P into forms that can be used by plants and animals.
- Microbes return Carbon Dioxide to the air during decompotion of plants and animals. The Carbon Dioxide is then used for photosynthesis. |
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What is the beneficial role of microbes in organic decomposition?
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Microbes produced Carbon Dioxide which is later used for photosynthesis.
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What are the beneficial roles of microbes in sewage treatment?
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Microbes convert organic materials into by-products such as Carbon Dioxidie, Nitrates, Phosphates, Sulfates, Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide and Methane.
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What is Bioremediation?
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Bioremediation is the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant.
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What are the beneficial roles of microbes in food and beverage production?
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Microbes have been used to improve the appreance, flavor and shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
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What are the beneficial roles of microbes in antibiotic production?
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Mold microbes prevent the growth of bacteria.
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What are the beneficial roles of microbes in pesticides?
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Bacteria produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive systems of the insects which allows farmers to environmentally friendly treat their crops.
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What are the benefical roles of microbes in genetic engineering?
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Gene therapy has come from genetic engineering which uses a harmless virus to carry the missing or new gene into certain host cells.
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What is the normal microbiota?
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The variety of microorganisms on and inside our bodies
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Where is normal microbiota normally found?
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in or on our bodies
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Where should normal microbiota not be found?
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outside of its habitat
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Who first made visual observations of living microorganisms?
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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What decade did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek make the first visual observation of living microorganisms?
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1670.
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Why was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek's first visual observation of living microorganisms important?
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The discovery sparked interest in furthur research.
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Who made the discovery of the first vaccine in western medicine?
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Edward Jenner.
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What decade did Edward Jenner make the discovery of the first vaccine in western medicine?
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1790
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Why was Edward Jenner's discovery of the first vaccine in western medicine important?
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Led to the discovery of why vaccines work and are still used today.
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Who made the development of the idea that handwashing is important for doctors?
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Joseph Lister.
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What decade did Joseph Lister make the development of the idea that handwashing is important for doctors?
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1860
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Why was Joseph Lister's development of the idea that handwashing is important for doctors important?
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Helps prevent spread of infections from one patient to the other. This technique is still practiced today.
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Who made the discovery of the process of fermentation?
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Louis Pasteur
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Why is Louis Pasteur's discovery of the process of fermentation important?
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Gives us understanding on how things that require fermentation are created.
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Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and experimental support for the theory of biogenesis?
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Louis Pasteur
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What decade did Louis Pasteur disprove the theory of spontaneous generation and experimental support for the theory of biogenesis?
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1860
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Why was Louis Pasteur's disproof of the theory of spontaneous generation and experiemental support for the theory of biogenesis important?
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Proving the theory of biogenisis axed the theory of spontaneous generation so we can better understand the workings of microorganisms.
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Who made the development of the basic ideas of aseptic technique?
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Louis Pasteur
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What decade did Louis Pasteur make the development of the basic ideas of aseptic technique?
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1860
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Why was Louis Pasteur's development of the basic ideas of aseptic technique important?
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Aseptic techniques prevent contamination by unwanted organisms and are used in medical procedures today. Modern aseptic techniques are one of the first things a microbiologist learns.
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Who made the development of the process of pasteurization?
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Louis Pasteur
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Why was Louis Pasteur's development of the process of pasteurization important?
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Commonly used to kill spoilage a bactgeria in milk and some alcoholic drinks. Led to establishing the relationship between disease and microbes.
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Who made the development of the idea of aseptic surgery using a chemical antiseptic (Phenol)?
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Joseph Lister.
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What decade did Joseph Lister make the development of the idea of aseptic surgery using a chemical antiseptic (phenol)?
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1840
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Why was Joseph Lister's development of the idea of aseptic surgery using a chemical antiseptic (phenol) important?
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One of the earliest attempts to control infection caused by microorganisms. Proved that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections.
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Who made the discovery of the etiological agent of anthrax and development of Koch's Postulates?
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Robert Koch
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What decade did Robert Koch make the discovery of the etiological agent of anthrax and development of Koch's Postulates?
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1870
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Why was Robert Koch's discovery of the etiological agent of anthrax and development of Koch's Postulates important?
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Proved that bacteria cause disease.
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Who made the development of the technique of streaking for isolation of solid media including agar?
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Hess
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Why was Hess's development of the technique of streaking for isolation of solid media inculding agar important?
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We still use agar today.
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What decade did Hess make the deveopment of the technique of streaking for isolation of solid media including agar?
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1880
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Who made the development of the protocal for indentifying the etiological agent of a disease (Koch's Postulates)?
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Robert Koch
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What decade did Robery Koch develop the protocal for identifying the etiological agent of a disease (Koch's Postulates)?
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1870
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Who made the development of chemotherapy using the first synthetic drug (salvarsan)?
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Paul Ehrlich.
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What decade did Paul Ehrlich make the development of chemotherapy using the first synthetic drug (salvarsan)?
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1910
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Why was Paul Ehrlich's development of chemotherapy using the first synthetic drug (salcarsan) important?
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Was affective against Syphilis.
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Who made the discovery of the first antibiotic (penicillin)?
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Alexander Fleming.
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What decade did Alexander Fleming discover the first antibiotic (penicillin)?
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1920
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Why was Alexander Fleming's discovery of the first antibiotic (Penicillin) important?
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Thousands of other antibiotics have been discovered and penicillin is still used today.
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Who made the development of the 3-D model of the structure of DNA?
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Watson and Crick.
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What decade did Watson and Crick make the development of the 3-D model of the structure of DNA?
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1950
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Why was Watson and Crick's deveopment of the 3-D model of the structure of DNA important?
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Many other findings have come from this discovery.
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What is an infectious disease?
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A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.
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What leads to the appearance of an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?
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- evolutionary changes in existing organisms
- spread by modern transportation - increase in human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas undergoing ecological changes. |
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What are some Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID's)?
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- West Nile encephalitis
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Ebola hemorrhagic fever - Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - AIDS/HIV - inhalation anthrax |
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What are the major groups (domains) of microorganisms?
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1 Archaea
2 Bacteria 3 Eukarya |
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Are Archaea Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Prokaryotic
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Are Bacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Prokaryotic
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Are Eukaryotes Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Eukaryotic
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How many chromosomes do Archaea have?
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one
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What shape are Achaeaic chromosomes?
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Circular
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Do Archaeaic chromosomes have histones and introns?
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No
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How many chromosomes do bacteria have?
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one
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What shape are bacteria chromosomes?
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circular
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Do bacteria chromosomes have histones and introns?
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yes
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How many chromosomes do Eukaryotic cells have?
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One to Many
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What shape are Eukaryotic cells?
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Linear
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Do Eukarya have histones and introns?
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Yes
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How many Ribosomes do Archaea have?
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70S
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How many Ribosomes do Bacteria have?
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70S
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How many Ribosomes do Eukarya have?
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80S
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Does Archaea's cell walls have Peptidoglycan?
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yes
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Does bacteria's cell walls ahve Peptidoglycan?
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no
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Does Eukarya's cell walls have Peptidoglycan?
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No
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Are organisms in the Kingdom Fungi unicellular or multicellular?
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Both
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Can fungi carry out photosynthesis?
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No
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What are Fungi cell walls composed primarily of?
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Chitin.
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What is Chitin?
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What fungi cell walls are composed primarily of.
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Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?
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Both
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How do fungi gain nutrients?
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by absorbing solution of organic material from their environment.
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Are algae capable of carring out photosynthesis?
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yes
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Do Algae reproduce sexually or asexually?
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both
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Are the alage of interest to microbiologist multicellular of unicellular?
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unicellular
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What are the cell walls of algae composed of?
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cellulose
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Where can you find algae?
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water, soil and on plants.
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Why is alagae beneficial?
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Produces oxygen and carbohydrates to be used by other animals.
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Are Protozoa unicellular or multicellular?
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unicellular
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Are Protozoa Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Eukaryotic
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Is Algae Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Eukaryotic.
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How do Protozoa move?
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By Pseudopods (false feet), flagella or cilia.
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Do Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually?
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both
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What are helminths?
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Parasitic flatworms and roundworms
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What is a virus?
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a submicroscopic parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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What is a prion?
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an infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids.
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