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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genetics
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is the science of heredity
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genome
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genetics information
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chromosomes
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are structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; contains genes
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genes
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segments of DNA that code for functional products
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nucleotides
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a macromolecule composed of repeating units; consists of nitrogenous base, deoxyribose (pentose sugar), and a phosphate group
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base pairs
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AT (U)
CG |
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genetic code
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the set of rules that determines how mucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protien
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genotype
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genetic make up
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phenotype
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expressed properties
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chromosomes in bacteria
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usually single circular strain; looped or folded; attached to the plasma membrane
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genomics
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sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes
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DNA replication makes possible...
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the genetic flow of one generation to the next
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DNA transcribe to...
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mRNA and then translated to protiens
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in DNA replication
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a double stranded DNA is converted to two identical daughter cells; need of many protiens to replicate
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helicase
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unwinds DNA
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topoisomerase/ gyrase
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relaxes the supercoiling
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replication fork
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the point at which replication occurs
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DNA polymerase
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enzymes that polymerizes DNA into strands
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semiconservative replication
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as the rep. fork moves along the parental DNA, each strand combines with new nucleotides... rewinds bc each new double stranded DNA molecule contains one new strand
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sugar in DNA is on carbon #
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1' (1 prime) to 5'
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hydroxyl group is on the...
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3'
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phosphate is on the...
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5'
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the direction affects the replication of DNA bc DNA polymerase....
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can add new nucleotides to the 3' end only and therefore, the rep. fork moves along the parental strand
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new stands must grow in...
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opposing direction
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energy supplier of DNA replication...
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nucleoside triphosphate
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deoxyribose
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is a sugar used to synthesize DNA
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nucleotide triphosphate
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used to synthesize RNA
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leading strand
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synthesized continuously as the DNA polymerase moves toward the replication fork making DNA in the 5' > 3' direction
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primase
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makes RNA primer
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RNA primer
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starts synthesis and is extended by DNA polymerase
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lagging strand consist
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of okazaki fragments
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DNA polymerase removes...
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the RNA primer
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DNA ligase...
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joins the mewly made DNA fragments
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E. coli replicate...
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bidirectionally... when the two replication forks meet up they are separated by topoisomerase
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transcription
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when DNA is copied into a complementary base of RNA; the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template
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translation
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the synthesis of specific protiens
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transfer RNA
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involved in protien synthesis
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messenger RNA
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carries the coded information for making specific protiends from DNA to ribosomes
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DNA startes with...
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3'
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RNA starts with...
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5'
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RNA polymerase binds to
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a promotor
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both RNA and DNA synthesize in the direction of...
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5' --> 3'
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RNA polymerase
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assembles free nucleotides into a new chain, using complementary base pairing as a guide
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terminator
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stops the replication
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at the terminator
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RNA polymerase and the new mRNA strand are released
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translation
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protien synthesis
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codons
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consist of three nucleotides
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64 possible codons but...
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20 amino acids
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degeneracy
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many different codes per amino acid; allows for a certain amount of change without affecting the protien needed to be made
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sense codons
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codes for protiens
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nonsense codons
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do not sense for protiens
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tRNA
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carries anti codons, and also carries a amino acid
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anticodons
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a sequence of three bases that complementary to a codon
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initiator codon
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AUG
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stop codons
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UAA, UGA, UAG
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exon
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the regions of DNA expressed
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introns
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the intervening regions of DNA that do not encode protien
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rbozymes
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remove intron-derived RNA and slpice together the exon-derived RNA, producing an mRNA
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the resulting mRNA is used by
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rRNA and tRNA for protien synthesis
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repression
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the decrease of emzyme production
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repressors
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protiens that repress
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induction
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when the transcription is turned on
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inducer
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acts to induce transcription of the gene
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structural genes
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determine the structures of the genes
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operator
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determines whether RNA polymerase gets by
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mutation
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is the change in the base sequence of DNA
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base substitution
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in which a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base; the incorrect base may cause an insertion of an incorrect amino acid
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missense mutation
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is the base substitution reaults in an amino acid substitution in the synthesized protien
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nonsense mutation
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a base substitution resulting in a nonsense codon; creating a stop codon which stops the synthesis of a complete functional protein
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frameshift mutation
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where few nucleotide pair are deleted or inserted in the DNA
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spontaneous mutation
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occur in the absense of any mutation-causing agents
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mutagens
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agents in the environement, such as certain chemicals and radiation, that directly or indirectly bring about mutations
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