Microbiology Ch. 15

Front 1

Pathogenicity

Back 1

The ability to cause disease

Front 2

Virulence

Back 2

The degree of pathogenicity

Front 3

Portals of entry (3)

Back 3

Mucous membranes, skin, and the parenteral route

Front 4

ID-50

Back 4

Infectious Dose for 50% of the sample population

Hint 4

Measures virulence of a microbe

Front 5

LD-50

Back 5

Lethal Dose for 50% of the sample population

Hint 5

Measures potency of a toxin

Front 6

Botulinum toxin (BTX)

Back 6

A neurotoxin bacterium

Front 7

Shiga toxin

Back 7

A verotoxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemmorhagic Escherichia coli

Hint 7

Vero cells are cultured from the kidney

Front 8

Adhesins

Back 8

Ligands on the pathogen that bind to receptors on host cells

Front 9

Glycocalyx around the cell wall impair phagocytosis in...

Back 9

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), Haemophilia influenzae (pneumonia and meningitis), Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), and Yersinia pestis (plague)

Front 10

M protein

Back 10

A heat and acid resistant protein found on both cell surfaces and fimbrae which mediates attachment of the bacterium to epithelial cells of the host and helps the bacterium resist phagocytosis by white blood cells

Hint 10

Produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, for example

Front 11

Opa protein

Back 11

An outer membrane protein which forms opaque colonies on cultured cells when present

Hint 11

Neisseria gonnorhoeae (STD) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis) have this in outer membrane to mediate interaction of pathogens with human cells

Front 12

Waxy lipid

Back 12

Mycolic acid

Front 13

Coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and IgA proteases are examples of...

Back 13

Bacterial enzymes

Front 14

IgA proteases

Back 14

Destroy IgA antibodies to prevent antigen reactions

Hint 14

Produced by N. gonnorhoeae and N. meningitidis, for example.

Front 15

Coagulases

Back 15

Bacterial enzymes that coagulate fibrinogen in the blood

Hint 15

Produced by some members of the genus Staphylococcus

Front 16

Kinases

Back 16

Bacterial enzymes that break down fibrin and thus suggest clots formed by the body to isolate infections

Hint 16

An example is fibrinolysin (streptokinase) produced by such streptococci as Streptococcus pyogenes and staphylokinase produced by Staphylococcus aureus.

Front 17

Hyaluronidase

Back 17

A bacterial enzymes secreted by certain bacteria such as Streptococci to hydrolyze hyaluronic acid which helps hold together cells in connective tissue.

Front 18

Collagenase

Back 18

A bacterial enzyme produced by several species of Clostridium to facilitate the spread of gas gangrene.

Front 19

Antigenic variation

Back 19

The ability of pathogens to alter their surface antigens so as to be unaffected by antibodies.

Hint 19

Examples include Influenzavirus, N. gonnorhoeae, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

Front 20

Invasins

Back 20

Surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments of the cytoskeleton and use actin to move from one cell to the next

Hint 20

Shiga toxin produced by Shigella and E. coli and listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, for example.

Front 21

Siderophores

Back 21

Proteins secreted by pathogens that bind host iron more tightly than host cells

Front 22

Direct damage

Back 22

Disrupts host cell function, uses host cell nutrients, produces waste products, abs multiplies in host cells and causes ruptures.

Front 23

Toxins

Back 23

Poisonous substances produced by microorganisms that produce fever, cardiovascular problems, diarrhea and shock.

Front 24

Toxigenicity

Back 24

Ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin

Front 25

Toxemia

Back 25

Presence of toxin in the host's blood

Front 26

Intoxication

Back 26

Presence of toxin without microbial growth

Front 27

Exotoxins

Back 27

Proteins produced, secreted and released by bacteria outside the cell; soluble in body fluids; destroy host cells and inhibit metabolic functions

Hint 27

Small amounts are quite harmful because they can act over and over again; may be produced by gram positive or gram negative bacteria

Front 28

Membrane-disrupting exotics (3)

Back 28

Leukocidins, hemolysins, and streptolysins

Front 29

Antitoxins

Back 29

Antibodies against specific exotoxins

Front 30

Superantigens

Back 30

Antigens that provoke a very intense immune response by staying the proliferation of T lymphocytes which then release enormous amounts of cytokines causing fever, nausea, diarrhea, shock and sometimes death.

Hint 30

Include the staphylococcal toxins that cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome

Front 31

Representative exotoxins

Back 31

Include diphtheria toxin, erythrogenic toxins, botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, vibrio enterotoxin, and staphylococcal enterotoxin

Front 32

Endotoxins

Back 32

Part of the outer portion of the cell wall (made up of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides/LPSs) of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxins are the lipid portion of LPS, called lipid A.

Hint 32

Are lipopolysaccharides as opposed to proteins (exotoxins)

Front 33

Fever AKA

Back 33

Pyrogenic response

Front 34

Endotoxins cause macrophages to produce cytokines called _____ and _____.

Back 34

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and necrosis factor alpha (TNF-@)

Front 35

Shock

Back 35

Refers to any life threatening decrease in blood pressure

Front 36

Septic shock

Back 36

Shock cause by bacteria

Front 37

A-B toxins

Back 37

Consist of two parts designated A and B, both of which are polypeptides. Most exotoxins are A-B toxins.

Hint 37

Botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, scalded skin syndrome, cholera, traveler's diarrhea, anthrax, gas gangrene, food poisoning, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and toxic shock syndrome are all examples of this.