Microbiology: Ch 15-Adaptive, Specific Immunity And Immunization

Front 1

Which of these characteristics is not a major factor in adaptive or acquired immunity?
a. specificity
b. chemotaxis
c. recognition
d. memory

Back 1

Chemotaxis is not a characteristic of acquired or adaptive immunity

Front 2

What cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune function?
A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Monocytes
D) Granulocytes
E) Red blood cells

Back 2

B) Lymphocytes

Front 3

The primary B-cell receptor is....
a. IgD
b. IgA
c. IgE
d. IgG

Back 3

The primary B-cell receptor is IgD

Front 4

Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity?
A) A person who recovers from an infectious disease.
B) A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis.
C) A fetus receiving maternal antibodies that cross the placenta.
D) A person being vaccinated against measles.
E) A newborn receiving antibodies in breast milk.

Back 4

A) A person who recovers from an infectious disease.


Review Fig 15.1 and read "A General Scheme for Classifying Immunities"

Front 5

Small cimple molecules are ___ antigens.
a. poor
b. never
c. effective
d. mosaic

Back 5

Small cimple molecules are poor antigens

Front 6

Which is not a function of cell surface receptors of macrophages and lymphocytes?
A) Determine the intensity of response to an antigen
B) Aid in cellular development
C) Promote the recognition of self molecules
D) Receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells
E) Perceive and attach to antigens

Back 6

A) Determine the intensity of response to an antigen

Review the section in the text entitled "Markers on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and Nonself" to learn more

Front 7

Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies?
a. T Cell
b. Macrophages
c. Plasma celss
d. Monocytes

Back 7

Plasma cells secrete anitbodies

Front 8

Major histocompatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of what type of cells?
A) Hepatocytes
B) Neurons
C) Red blood cells
D) Splenocytes
E) White blood cells

Back 8

C) Red blood cells

Reread "Major Histocompatibility Complex" in the text to learn more about these antigens and where they are found.

Front 9

In humans, Bcells mature in the _____and T cells mature in the ______.

Back 9

The B cells mature in the bone marrow and T cells mature in the Thymus

Front 10

Of the MHC genes, which codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens?
A) Class I MHC
B) Class II MHC
C) Class III MHC
D) CD4 receptors
E) CD8 receptors

Back 10

B) Class II MHC


Review "Major Histocompatibility Complex" in the text for information that will help to answer this question correctly.

Front 11

The CD4 cells are ____ cells and CD8 cells are ____cells.
a. killer, supressor
b. helper, cytotoxic
c. cytotoxic, helper
d. B, T

Back 11

CD4 cells are helper cells and CD8 cells are cytotoxic cells

Front 12

What class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells?
A) Class I MHC
B) Class II MHC
C) Class III MHC
D) CD4 receptors
E) CD8 receptors

Back 12

A) Class I MHC


Review "Major Histocompatibility Complex" and Figure 15.3.

Front 13

Helper T cells receive antigen form ___, and cytotoxic T cells receive antigen from ____.
a. macrophages, b cells
b. class II MC, class I MHC
c. viruses and bacteria
d. class I MHC, class II MHC

Back 13

Helper T cells receive antigen from class II MHC, and cytotoxic T cells receive antigen from class I MHC

Front 14

What leads to the extreme variations in the expression of specific receptors in lymphocytes?
A) Human leukocyte antigens
B) Major histocompatibility complex antigens
C) Conjugation
D) Clonal selection
E) Transduction

Back 14

D) Clonal selection


Consult "The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response" to learn more about the variability of lymphocyte receptors.

Front 15

The cross-linkage of antigens by antibodies is found in the ____ fraction of the serum
a. gamma globulin
b. albumin
c. beta globulin
d. alpha globulin

Back 15

the greatest concentration of anitbodies is found in the gamma globulin fraction of the serum.

Front 16

What is the process by which lymphocyte clones that develop a specificity for self molecules are eliminated or deleted from the pool of genetic diversity?
A) Antigen independence
B) Lymphocyte stimulation
C) Immune tolerance
D) Antigen dependence
E) Clonal selection

Back 16

C) Immune tolerance

Consult the section in the text entitled "The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response" as well as Figure 15.5 to learn more about this process and what it is called.

Front 17

T ____ cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other T cells.
a. sensitized
b. cytotoxic
c. helper
d. natural killer cells

Back 17

T-helper cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other T cells

Front 18

Which of the following is not an assumption which can be derived from the clonal selection theory?
A) Lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed
B) Each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a single specificity
C) Any lymphocyte that could possibly mount a harmful response against self molecules is eliminated or suppressed
D) Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar pattern
E) The first introduction of each distinct type of antigen into the immune system selects a genetically distinct lymphocyte and causes it to expand into a clone of cells that can react to that antigen

Back 18

D) Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar pattern

Consult the section in the text entitled "The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response" as well as Figure 15.5 to learn more about the clonal selection theory and its implications.

Front 19

Cytotoxic T cells are important in controlling
a. Virus infection
b. Allergy
c. Autoimmune
d. all of these

Back 19

Virus infection

Front 20

Which statement regarding antibodies is incorrect?
A) They serve as the specific receptors on B cells
B) They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains
C) Antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chain
D) Antibodies exist in a Y-shaped arrangement
E) The amino acid sequence within the variable (V) regions varies widely from one clone of lymphocytes to another

Back 20

C) Antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chain

Front 21

Vaccination is synonymous with ___ immunity

Back 21

Artificial active

Front 22

Immunoglobulin heavy (H) chains genes are composed of genes from what segments of the genome?
A) V and D
B) C and J
C) V, D, and J
D) V, J, and C
E) V, D, J, and C

Back 22

E) V, D, J, and C



Review Figure 15.6 and the section in the text entitled "Development of the Receptors During Lymphocyte Maturation" to learn the process by which antibody genes are created.

Front 23

Which of the following can serve as antigen presenting cells (APC)?
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. dendritic cells
d. macrophages
e. b, c, d,

Back 23

B cells, Macrophages, and dendritic cells can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Front 24

Which of the properties listed below is not associated with B cells?
A) They are found in high numbers throughout the circulatory system
B) They mature in the bone marrow
C) An immunoglobulin serves as the antigen receptor
D) They do not require MHC proteins for antigen recognition
E) They produce proteins that inactivate and neutralize antigens

Back 24

A) They are found in high numbers throughout the circulatory system


Read Section 15.5 B-Cell Responses

Front 25

What does APC stand for?

Back 25

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Front 26

A lymphocyte recognizes and responds to what component of an antigen?
A) Hapten
B) Antigenic determinant
C) Constant region
D) Variable region
E) Joining chain

Back 26

D) Variable region


Review "Characteristics of Antigens"

Front 27

a living microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vccination is considered _______.

Back 27

Attenuated

Front 28

What is an example of a poor immunogen?
A) Glycoproteins
B) Whole fungal cells
C) Antibodies
D) Glycogen
E) Enzymes

Back 28

D) Glycogen

Front 29

A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called ______

Back 29

Subunit

Front 30

What is the component found in the human body which can serve as a carrier molecule when bound by haptens?
A) Red blood cells
B) Macrophages
C) Plasma
D) White blood cells
E) Serum proteins

Back 30

E) Serum proteins



Review "Effects of Molecular Shape and Size" for information regarding haptens.

Front 31

Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of disease is called.
a. seropositivity
b. cross-reactivity
c. epidemic prophylaxis
d. herd immunity

Back 31

Herd immunity

Front 32

What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions?
A) Alloantigens
B) Heterogenetic antigens
C) Haptens
D) Allergens
E) Superantigens

Back 32

What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions?
A) Alloantigens
B) Heterogenetic antigens
C) Haptens
D) Allergens
E) Superantigens
A) Alloantigens


Read "Effects of Molecular Shape and Size"

Front 33

DNA vaccines contain ____DNA that stimulates cells to make _____ anitgens.

Back 33

DNA Vaccines contains microbial DNA that stimulates cells to make protein anitgens

Front 34

What are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T-dependent antigen?
A) Dendritic cells
B) B lymphocytes
C) Macrophages
D) Memory cells
E) T helper cells

Back 34

E) T helper cells

Front 35

What is the purpose of an adjuvant?

Back 35

The purpose of adjuvant is to improve the contact between the antigen and lymphocytes

Front 36

What is one disadvantage of using attenuated vaccines?
A) They require fewer doses and boosters than other types of vaccines.
B) They provide long-lasting protection.
C) They produce an infection following vaccination.
D) The organisms multiply following vaccination.
E) The organisms can mutate back to a virulent form following vaccination.

Back 36

E) The organisms can mutate back to a virulent form following vaccination.

Front 37

Which immuno globulin is found in mucus secretions?

Back 37

IgA

Front 38

Once a B cell has processed and presented an antigen, what event must occur before it becomes activated?
A) The MHC protein must degrade the antigen
B) A dendritic cell must secrete antibodies
C) The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen
D) The B cell must differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
E) The B cell must process and present a second identical antigen

Back 38

C) The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen


Read "The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation to Lymphocytes" and Fig. 15.11

Front 39

Which immuno globulin(s) is/are a monomer

Back 39

IgG, IgD, IgE

Front 40

In what type of reaction do antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a molecule to prevent it from functioning normally?
A) Opsonization
B) Agglutination
C) Complement fixation
D) Recognition
E) Neutralization

Back 40

E) Neutralization


Review "Antigen-Antibody Interactions and the Function of the Fab" along with Figure 15.14 to learn about the role antibodies play in the immune response.

Front 41

What immunoglobulin(s) is a dimer?

Back 41

IgA

Front 42

What is the most prevalent antibody circulating throughout the tissue fluids and blood?
A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE

Back 42

D) IgG

Review Table 15.2 as well as the section in the text entitled "The Classes of Immunoglobulins" for help answering this question.

Front 43

Which immunoglobulin has the greatest number of Fabs?

Back 43

IgM

Front 44

What antibody is a significant component of the mucous and serous secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract?
A) Monomeric IgA
B) Dimeric IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE
E) IgG

Back 44

B) Dimeric IgA


Review "The Classes of Immunoglobulins" and Table 15.2 for helpful information."

Front 45

Which immunoglobulin is the first anitbody made during the primary response?

Back 45

IgM

Front 46

What type of cell is fused with a myeloma cell when producing a hybridoma?
A) B lymphocyte
B) T lymphocyte
C) Plasma cell
D) Hepatocyte
E) Neuron

Back 46

C) Plasma cell

Front 47

Which immunoglobulin is the first to be made during the secondary response?

Back 47

IgG

Front 48

What is the mode of action of T cytotoxic cells?
A) They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell
B) They secrete cytokines which stimulate growth and activation of both B and T cells
C) They inhibit the immune response
D) They initiate delayed responses to allergens
E) They contribute to the initiation of the classical complement pathway

Back 48

A) They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell


Read "Cytotoxic T (Tc) Cells: Cells that Kill Other Cells"

Front 49

What immunoglobulin(s) cross the placenta?

Back 49

IgG

Front 50

Which of the following is an example of artificial passive immunity?
A) A person who recovers from an infectious disease
B) A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis
C) A fetus receiving maternal antibodies that cross the placenta
D) A person being vaccinated against Neisseria meningitides
E) A newborn receiving antibodies in breast milk while breast feeding

Back 50

B) A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis



Review Fig 15.1 and read "A General Scheme for Classifying Immunities"

Front 51

Which immunoglobulins fixes complement?

Back 51

IgM, IgG

Front 52

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic reactions?

Back 52

IgE

Front 53

Which immunoglobulin is primarily a surface receDptor on B cells?

Back 53

Ig

Front 54

Antigens

A) have molecular weights of around 1000
B) have one antigenic determinant (epitope).
C) are considered normal by the immune system
D) are made up of many antigenic determinants (epitopes)
E) are usually made of lipids

Back 54

C) are considered normal by the immune system

Each antigen can consist of many antigenic determinants.

Front 55

Bacterial cells

A) have one identifiable antigen that binds antibody
B) have two epitopes per cell
C) have many different epitopes, which each bind to specific antibodies
D) have many different epitopes, which all bind to the same antibody
E) are not antigenic

Back 55

C) have many different epitopes, which each bind to specific antibodies

Bacterial cells are complex structures with many different epitopes, each of which binds only with antibody formed specifically against it.

Front 56

An individual antibody is made against

A) a whole bacterial cell
B) one epitope on the cell
C) one antigen on the cell
D) all of the combined antigenic determinants on a cell
E) the cell’s DNA

Back 56

B) one epitope on the cell

Each antigen has many antigenic determinants. Each individual antibody is made against a single antigenic determinant or epitope.

Front 57

Each antigen has one epitope.

A) True
B) False

Back 57

B) False

An antigen can have many epitopes, not just one.

Front 58

Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.

A) True
B) False

Back 58

A) True

Each antigen has many epitopes, and a different antibody is formed against each epitope.

Front 59

The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...
A) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fuse with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
B) Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class I MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
C) Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
D) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class II MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
E) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.

Back 59

E) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.

Front 60

The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...
A) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fuse with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
B) Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class I MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
C) Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.
D) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class II MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.
E) Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.

Back 60

C) Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.

Front 61

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...

A) stimulate other immune system cells to respond to the antigen.
B) stimulate macrophages to respond to the antigen.
C) stimulate cell destruction by macrophages.
D) stimulate cell destruction by activated T-cells.
E) are not recognized by the T-cells and do not stimulate cell destruction.

Back 61

D) stimulate cell destruction by activated T-cells.

Front 62

Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.

A) True
B) False

Back 62

B) False

Front 63

Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.

A) True
B) False

Back 63

A) True

Front 64

Bacterial and viral antigens are presented to helper T-cells by

A) macrophages.
B) B cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) activated helper T cells.
E) cytotoxic T cells.

Back 64

A) macrophages.

Front 65

Helper T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing

A) antigens only.
B) MHC proteins only.
C) antigen-MHC protein complexes.
D) either antigens or MHC proteins.
E) neither antigens nor MHC proteins.

Back 65

C) antigen-MHC protein complexes.

Front 66

Helper T-cells stimulate
A) cytotoxic T-cells to be become helper T-cells.
B) cytotoxic T-cells to be become B-cells.
C) B cells to become cytotoxic T-cells.
D) B cells to become helper T-cells.
E) B cells to become plasma cells.

Back 66

E) B cells to become plasma cells.

Front 67

Helper T-cells interact with Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

A) True
B) False

Back 67

B) False

Front 68

Plasma cells produce antibodies.

A) True
B) False

Back 68

A) True

Front 69

Light chains are made of

A) one V and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains
B) one V, one D, and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains
C) one V and one J segment in the variable region plus one of two possible different constant region segments
D) one V and one J in the variable region and no constant region

Back 69

A) one V and one J segment in the variable region plus a constant region that is common in all light chains

D segments are found only in heavy chains not in light chains.

Front 70

Heavy chains

A) all have the same constant region
B) have one of two possible constant regions
C) have one of five possible constant regions
D) have one of eight possible constant regions

Back 70

C) have one of five possible constant regions

Heavy chains can have any one of five possible kinds of constant region.

Front 71

The V, J, and D segments

A) must be a matching set
B) are each selected randomly
C) are present in the constant region of the heavy chain
D) are RNA sequences

Back 71

B) are each selected randomly

The V, J, and D segments are each chosen randomly and then combined.

Front 72

Human cells have separate genes for each antibody molecule.
A) True
B) False

Back 72

B) False

Human cells do not have separate genes for each antibody molecule. Instead different segments of DNA are mixed and matched to code for different antibodies.

Front 73

The m gene codes for the constant region of the light chain in IgM antibody.

A) True
B) False

Back 73

B) False

The m gene codes for the constant region of the heavy chain in IgM.

Front 74

Hybridomas are made from combining

A) monoclonal antibodies with myeloma cells
B) B cells with specific epitopes
C) B cells with myeloma cells
D) T cells with myeloma cells
E) monoclonal antigens with myeloma cells

Back 74

C) B cells with myeloma cells

Correct: B cells are mixed with myeloma cells to form hybridomas.

Front 75

Monoclonal antibodies are used for

A) antibody replacement in people lacking B cells
B) diagnosing microbial diseases
C) stem cell research
D) cloning tissues

Back 75

B) diagnosing microbial diseases

Correct: Because of their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies are useful in diagnosing microbial diseases.

Front 76

All of the following are needed to produce monoclonal antibodies except

A) animal to inject
B) microtiter plate to separate single hybridoma cells
C) polyethylene glycol
D) polyvalent antigen

Back 76

D) polyvalent antigen

Polyethylene glycol is needed to make the two cell types fuse to form hydridomas

Front 77

Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cloned B cell.

A) True
B) False

Back 77

A) True

Monoclonal antibodies come from a single cloned B cell.

Front 78

A myeloma cell is a cancer cell that grows continuously.

A) True
B) False
A) True
A myeloma cell is a cancer cell that grows continuously.

Back 78

A) True

A myeloma cell is a cancer cell that grows continuously.

Front 79

Superantigens

A) bind specifically to T helper cell receptors
B) bind without antigen specificity to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs)
C) are bound inside specific MHC II antigens on APCs
D) bind to about 1 in 10,000 T cells
E) do not stimulate as many T helper cells as do antigens that bind with greater specificity
.

Back 79

B) bind without antigen specificity to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Superantigens bind nonspecifically to T helper cells and APCs

Front 80

Superantigens are produced by

A) superantibodies
B) Staphylococcus aureus in T cell dependent cytolysis
C) Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome
D) E. coli in toxic shock syndrome
E) cells infected with specific viruses

Back 80

C) Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome

Superantigens are produced by Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome.

Front 81

Possible symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include

A) fever
B) diarrhea
C) nausea and vomiting
D) shock
E) all of the above

Back 81

E) all of the above

All four of these symptoms can be caused by toxic shock syndrome.

Front 82

Toxic shock syndrome is a mild disease similar to other mild allergic reactions.

A) True
B) False

Back 82

B) False

Toxic shock syndrome is a serious disease that can lead to shock, the failure of many organ systems, and possibly death.

Front 83

Superantigens are processed by antigen presenting cells.

A) True
B) False

Back 83

B) False

Superantigens are not processed by antigen presenting cells.

Front 84

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the hepatitis B vaccine?

A) it is a recombinant vaccine
B) it is a form of subunit vaccine
C) it consists of an internal protein from the virus
D) it is produced in a host yeast cell
E) all of the above statements are true

Back 84

C) it consists of an internal protein from the virus

Front 85

The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely

A) a killed vaccine.
B) an attenuated vaccine.
C) subunit vaccine.
D) recombinant vaccine.
E) conjugated vaccine.

Back 85

B) an attenuated vaccine.

Front 86

A subunit vaccine is composed of

A) microorganisms that have been killed by heat.
B) microorganisms that have been killed by chemicals.
C) microorganisms that have been weakened by radiation.
D) microorganisms that are attenuated.
E) purified parts of a microorganism.
.

Back 86

E) purified parts of a microorganism

Front 87

Vaccines made from attenuated microorganisms are better at boosting the immune response than vaccines made from inactivated microorganisms.

A) True
B) False

Back 87

A) True

Front 88

Vaccines present antibodies from a pathogen to stimulate immunity.
A) True
B) False

Back 88

B) False