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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the definitions of commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism and give examples?
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Commensalism - one benefits, the other is unaffected, for ---example, bacteria live on secretions while eye surfaces have no benefit or harm.
Mutualism - both benefit, ---example, large intestine provide nutrients to E. Coli which synthesises vitamin B and vitamin K Parasitism - one benefits and the other is* harmed, ---example, the body supplies nutrients to pathogenic bacteria, which cause disease. |
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2. What are the 4 requirements of Koch’s postulates?
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1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in culture. 3. the pathogen, isolated from the pure culture, must cause the same disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original
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3. How are communicable infectious diseases different from non-communicable infectious diseases? List at least 2 examples
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Communicable diseases are spread directly or indirectly from one host to another and can be contagious or sexually transmitted.
Examples: TB, leprosy, Contagious through Personal contact: chickenpox, measles, Thru sexual contact: syphilis and gonnorrhea , Sexually transmitted STD. Non communicable diseases: -not transmitted from one host to another, -pathogens reside outside the body, -occasioally get into the body to cause disease like tetanus and rabies |
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4. How do symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease?
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Symptoms are subjective from the patient such as: itching, pain, fatigue and insomnia
Signs: are the findings from a doctor such as enlarged liver, jaundice or a heart murmor. Syndromes are a group of signs*** that accompany a disease |
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5. Define sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and give an example of each
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Sporadic = disease occurring occasionally ---TB
Endemic = locally, always present in a specific population ----Cholera Epidemic = many people acquire disease in short span of time ---Flu Pandemic = occurs worldwide ---AIDS |
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6. Define acute, chronic, subacute, and latent, and give an example of each.
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Acute = develops quickly, ends shortly---Flu
Chronic = develops slowly, is continuous or recurrent---TB Subacute = develops between acute and chronic---Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSP), Subacute Bacerial Endocarditis (SBE) Latent = pathogens remain inactive for a while then beome active to produce symptoms---Shingles |
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7a. What are the differences among the extent of host involvement: local, systemic, and focal infections?.
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Extent of host involvement:
Local = localized infection that is limited to small area of body Systemic = is a generalized infection that is all over or throughout body Focal = is local and is not under control and then spreads through the circulatory system (the blood or lymph) to other parts of body |
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7b. List the disease examples of focal infections that spread throughout the blood or lymph?
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Bacteremia
Septicemia Toxemeia Viremia Fungemia parasitemia |
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7c. Which "emia" multiplys in the blood when there is a focal infection?
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Septicemia
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8. List at least* 6 examples of focal infections
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Bacteremia
Septicemia Toxemeia Viremia Fungemia Parasitemia Anemia |
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9a. Define primary, secondary, clinical, subclinical, nosocomial, community-acquired, and opportunistic infections.
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Infection:
Primary = acute infection causing initial disease Secondary = follows the primary infection where the body"s defenses have weakened. Clinical = has symptoms* and signs* Subclinical = has no signs or symptoms (HIV) Nosocomial = aquired during a stay at a health facility Community acquired = aquired outside of hospital |
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9b. What percent of hospitalized patients aquire nosocomial infecdtions?
a. 45% b. 5-15% c. 27% d. 2% |
b. 5-15%
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9c. What are the predisposed factors concerning patients who aquire nosocomial infections?
a. What they ate before the got there, what they eat in the hospital, what food is brought in b. Age, Gender, or Race c.compromised host, microorganisms in hospital environment, chain of transmission of infection d. all of the above |
c.compromised host, microorganisms in hospital environment, chain of transmission of infection
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10. What are the 3 predisposing factors of nosocomial infections and give examples of each?
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1. compromised host = burns, surgical wounds, suppressed immune systems
2. microorganisms in hospital environment = gram negative bacteria are introduced through medical procedures like surgery and cathetization 3. chain of transmission of infection = direct contact between staff and patient, patient to patient, patient to non-living ---objects like catheters, syringes, respiratory devices |
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11. What are the top 3 most common nosocomial infections and list the percentage?
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UTI at 40%
Sugical site at 20% Lower Respiratory Tract Infection at 15% which also has the highest mortality rate with pneumonia* |
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12. What are the 3 transmission routes of infectious disease and give examples of each?
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CONTACT:
direct=touching sexual=sex indirect=tissue,toys VEHICLE: water, food, air= cholera, food-borne poisoning, airborne poisoning via flu droplets or systemic mycosis via dust particles containing fungal spores VECTORS: via animals, especially arthropods including mechanical transmission such as flies that contaminate food and biological transmission such as mosquito bite transmits pathogens |
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13. Explain 5 periods of the development of disease. Know in order...
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1.Incubation = no sign and symptoms
2.Prodromal = 1st appearance of mild signs and symptoms 3.Illness = severe apparent signs ans symptoms and death may occur if immune response and or medical treatment fail...(antibiotics not effective 4.Decline = subsiding of signs and symptoms 5.Convalescence = return to healthy state |
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14. Describe the routes by which a pathogen gains access to the body, in other words the route by which a pathogen gains access tot he body.
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1.Mucous membranes are inhalation (respiratory) and most common***
2.Sexual contact through the genitournary tract 3. Conjunctivae which is personal contact 4. Parenteral which is inoculation via puncture and injection bites and cuts and wounds like surgical 5.Preferred = causes typical or severe disease 6.Nonpreferred = causes mild or no disease 7. Many routes |
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15a. What is a microbial toxin?
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It is a poisonous substance produced by microorganisms
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15b. What are the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins?
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Exotoxins =
-generally don't cause fever -cause disease of high toxicity such as botulism, and tetenus, diptheria -are produced inside a *gram positive bacteria -following lysis are then secreted to the surrounding medium Endotoxins = -cause disease of low toxicity and there is no immunization against them -are part of the outer portion of the cell wall -live in a *gram negative bacteria -liberated when bacteria die and cell wall breaks apart -pyrogenic -have a cell wall |
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16a. List at least 6 examples of exotoxins.
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ANYTHING THAT CAUSES DIARRHEA:
-botulism -tetanus -diphtheria = white membrane in mouth -scalded skin syndrome -cholera -traveler's diarrhea |
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17. List at least 3 diseases caused by endotoxins.
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typhoid fever
UTI Meningococcal meningitis |
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18. Define a vaccine.
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-a suspension of microorganisms, part of product of them can induce immunity in a host
-is prepared from attenuated (*alive but weakened or *non virulent or *avirulent) inactivated or killed (dead) microorganisims or toxoids (inactivated bacterial exotoxins) |
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19. What is a triple antibacterial vaccine?
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DPT Deptheria, , Pertussis, tetanus
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20. What is a triple antiviral vaccine?
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MMR - measles, mumps, rubella
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21. How early can hepatitis B vaccine be given?
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Right after birth, 3 doses
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22. When are MMR and VAR first given?
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Answer: 12 -15 months , cause they use live virus not good for little baby
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23. What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
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streptococcuss pyogenus
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24. What is the causative agent of the swimmer’s ear infection?
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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25a. What is the virus associated with the measles, mumps, rubella, roseola, and chickenpox?
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measles - rubeola
mumps - paramyxoviradae rubella - german measles roseola - Herpes virus 6r chicken pox - varicella |
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25b.What transmission route is different then all the rest: measles, mumps, rubella, roseola, and chickenpox?
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mumps- digestive with the rest as respirative
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26. Which viral disease of the skin is featured by “slapped-cheeks” rashes?
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Fifth disease is also called erythema infectiosum
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27. What are the causative agents of ringworm, scabies and pediculosis ?
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-Ringworm-fungal, candidiasis (throat in babies or thrush and women it is vagina),
-scabies is mites located mostly in the web of hands or feet and are raised lesions -Pediculosis is lice |
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28. What bacteria and viruses may cause conjunctivitis?
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Bacteria:
-Chlamydia -Neisseria -Haemophilus -Staph -Strep -herpes VIRUS: -Adenovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 |
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29. What bacteria may cause meningitis?
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Neisseria. Listeria, E Coli, Strep, Haemophilus
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30. What are the transmission routes of poliomyelitis, rabies, and arboviral encephalitis?
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Polio = fecal/oral ingesting of this
Rabies = animal bite (lyssa virus) Arboviral encephalitis = mosquito bite |
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31. What bacteria may cause septic shock?
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-Staphalococcus aureus
-Gram Negative Enterococcis -Group B Streptococci |
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32. What are the transmission routes of anthrax, Lyme disease, and RMSF?
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ANTHRAX:
-Cardiovascular & lymphatic -direct contact on skin -inhalation -ingestion LYME AND RMSF: -Tick bites |
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33. How is Lyme disease similar to RMSF? /
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tick bites
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34. What is the causative agent of Burkitt’s lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis?
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Epstein Barr EB
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35. What kind of infectious disease are toxoplasmosis, malaria, and schistosomiasis?
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Protozoan:
TOXOPLASMOSIS: -protozoa and transmitted through cats feces MALARIA: -latent protazoa disease transmitted through a mosquito bite SHISTOSOMIASIS: -Helminthic disease that is transmitted by a parasite parasite through skin |
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36. What viruses are responsible for common cold?
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corona virus and rhono virus
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37. What species of Streptococcus is responsible for dental caries?
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Streptococccus mutans
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38. What bacteria are responsible for bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, and cholera?
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Baccillary dysentary - Shigella
Typhoid Fever - salmonella typhoid Cholera - Vibrio cholarae |
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39. What bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease?
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H pylori
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40. What are the incubation periods of hepatitis A and hepatitis B?
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a=2 weeks, b is to 6 months
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41. What are the transmission routes of hepatitis A and hepatitis E?
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digestive - fecal/oral
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42. What kind of infectious disease are giardiasis and amoebiasis?
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Giardiasis - protozoa disease of lower intestinal tract which causes diarrhea
Amobiasis - same and causes abscesses |
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43. List at least 4 examples of helminthic disease of the lower GI tract?
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tapeworms
pinworms hookworms hydatid disease ascariasis |
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44. What bacteria are responsible for UTI?
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus and E Coli
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45. List at least 5 microorganisms that may cause vaginitis. slides
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bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus, helminths
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46. What are the clinical features of gonorrhea and genital herpes?
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gonorrhea=painful pus containing discharge, females is PID also
genital herpes = painful skin rash |
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47. What are the causative agents of NGU?
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Chlamedia , mycoplasma hominis, urea plasma urealyticum or other bacteria, not gonnorrhea
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48. What bacterium is responsible for syphilis?....
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Treponema pallidum
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49. What are the consequences of PID?..
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chronic ab pain and infertility
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50. What virus is associated with genital warts and cervical cancer?
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Human papilomavirus HPV
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