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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain nucleic acids?
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Both
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain proteins?
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Both
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain lipids?
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Both
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain carbohydrates?
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Both
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is not enclosed within a membrane and is one circular chromosome?
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Prokaryotes
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What to prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same kind of chemical reactions for?
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To metabolize food, build proteins and store energy
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is not associated with histones but with other proteins?
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Prokaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack membrane enclosed organelles?
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Prokaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cell walls that almost always containt he complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan?
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Prokaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes usually divide by binary fission?
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Prokaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is found in the cell's nucleus?
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Eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is associated with histones?
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Eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles such as mitochondria?
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Eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cell walls, when present, are chemically simple?
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Eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes usually divide by mitosis?
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Eukaryotes
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What does coccus mean?
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Sphere/Round
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What does bacillus mean?
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staff/rod-shaped
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What does spirilla mean?
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rigid with a spiral/corkscrew shape
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What does Strepto- mean?
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chains of cells
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What does Staphylo- mean?
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Clusters of cells
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What does Diplo- mean?
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two cells
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What does tetrad mean?
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four cells
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What does sarcinae mean?
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Cube of 8 cells
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What does vibrio mean?
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Curved Rod
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What does Spirochete mean?
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Flexible with spiral shape
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What is glycocalyx?
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a gerneral term used for substances that surround cells.
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What is glycocalyx composed of?
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polysaccharide, polypeptide or both
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What does a glycocalyx capsule do?
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contributes to the degree to which a pathogen causes disease and protects from phagocytosis.
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What is the function of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)?
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enables a bacterium to attach to a variety of surfaces.
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How do prokaryotic flagellum move?
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clockwise or counterclockwise around its long axis
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How do Eukaryotic flagellum move?
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in a wavelike motion
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What is taxis?
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the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus.
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What are axial filaments?
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bundles of fibrals that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell.
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What is the function of fimbriae?
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enables a cell to adhere to surfaces, including that of other cells.
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What is the function of pili?
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to join bacterial cells in preparation for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
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Are pili or fimbriae longer?
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Pili
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How man pili are there per cell?
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one or two
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How many fimbriae are there per cell?
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A couple to hundreds
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What is the rigidity of the prokaryotic cell wall?
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semi-rigid
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What is the function of the prokaryotic cell wall?
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gives structure to and protects the cell.
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What does the prokaryotic cell wall surround?
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the underlying plasma membrane.
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What does the prokaryotic cell membrane prevent?
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Osmotic Lysis.
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What does the prokaryotic cell wall contribute to?
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the ability to cuase disease in some species.
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What is the prokaryotic cell wall a site of action for?
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some antibiotics
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What is the prokaryotic cell wall in bacteria made of?
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peptidoglycan.
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How many layers of peptidoglycan does a gram positive cell wall have?
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Many
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Do gram positive cell walls have teichoic acids?
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Yes
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How many layers of peptidoglycan does a gram negative cell wall have?
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one or a few
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Do gram positive cell walls have teichoic acids?
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No
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Are gram positive or gram negative cells more susceptible to rupture?
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gram negative
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What is Peptidoglycan?
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it's what the bacterial wall is composed of.
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What does Peptidoglycan consist of?
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a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides.
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What is endotoxin?
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part of the outer portion of the cell wall of most gram negative bacteria.
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When is endotoxin released?
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Upon destruction of the cell.
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How does alcohol affect gram positive cells during gram staining?
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it dehydrates the peptidoglycan
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How does alcohol affect gram negative cells during gram staining?
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dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan.
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How does exposure to lysozyme affect the cell?
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it damages it
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How to antibiotics such as penicillin affect the cell?
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destroys the bacteria by interfering with the formation of the peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan, preventing the formation of a functional cell wall.
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Where does the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane lie?
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Inside the cell wall
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Where is the metabolic machinery of the cell located?
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On the plasma membrane
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Does the plasma membrane of the cell contain peripheral proteins?
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Yes
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How viscous is the plasma membrane?
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as viscous as olive oil.
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what way do the phospholipids move in the plasma membrane?
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rotate and move laterally.
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What is meant meant by the term "selective permeability"?
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allows passage of some molecules but not others across the plasma membrane.
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What is simple diffusion?
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movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down its concentration gradient) until equilibrium is reached.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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solute combines with a transport protein in the membrane, to pass from one side of the membrane to the other. The molecule is moving down its concentration gradient.
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What is osmosis?
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movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
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What is active transport?
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requires a transporter protein and ATP. The solute molecule is pumped against its concentration gradient.
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What is osmotic pressure?
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the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
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What is group translocation?
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a special form of active transport found only in prokaryotes, movement of a sucstance requires a specific transport protein. The substance is chemically altered during transport to prevent it from escaping the cell.
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What does isotonic mean?
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a solution in which, after immersion of cell, osmotic pressure is equal across the cell's membrane.
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What does hypotonic mean?
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a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution.
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What does hypertonic mean?
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a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution
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What is cytoplasm?
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the substance inside the plasma membrane
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What percentage of water does cytoplasm contain?
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80%
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What is the bacterial nucleoid?
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the region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome.
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What is a bacterial plasmid?
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small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome.
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What shape do bacterial chromosomes have?
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short, thick, rod-like bodies
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What is a ribosome?
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sites of protein synthesis
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What #S ribosomes does eukaryotic cells have?
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80S
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What #S ribosomes does prokaryotic cells have?
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70S
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Where can membrane-bound ribosomes be found?
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In the rough ER.
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What are inclusions?
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reserve deposits of nurtients that can be used in times of low resource availability
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What is step #1 in endospore formation?
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The sport septum (invagination of the plasma membrane) begins to isolate the newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm. This results in the formation of 2 separate membrane bound structures.
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What is step #2 in endospore formation?
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the plasma membrane starts to surround the DNA, cytoplasm and the new membrane encircling the material isolated before, forming a double layered membrane bound structure called a forespore
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What is step #3 in endospore formation?
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thick peptidoglycan layers are laid down between the two membranes of the forespore.
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What is step #4 in endospore formation?
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a think spore coat of protein forms around the outer membrane of the forespore, which is responsible for the durability of the endospore.
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What is step #5 in endospore formation?
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when the endospore matures, the cell wall ruptures, killing hte cell and freezing the endospore. It is now metabolically inert.
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What does the nucleus of the cell contain?
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the cell's DNA
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What is the endoplasic reticulum?
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network of membranes extending from the nuclear membrane
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What happens to the molecules when they go through the Rough ER?
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they are processed and sorted and then incorporated into ogranelle membranes, inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted via exocytosis.
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What happens to the molecules when they go through the Smooth ER?
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Stores and releases
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What are ribosomes?
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site of protein synthesis
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What does the golgi complex do?
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modifies, sorts and packages proteins received from the rough ER.
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What are lysosomes?
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membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes.
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What do lysosomes do?
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They digest worn out organelles and their own cellular contents.
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What are vacuoles?
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space in the cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast
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What do vacuoles do?
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they are temporary storage for biological molecules and ions, bring food into cells, provide structural support and store metabolic wastes.
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What do mitochondria do?
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produce most of the cell's ATP.
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Where does the aerobic phaser of cellular respiration occur?
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in the mitochondria.
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What are the peroxisomes used for?
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they contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic substances
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What do peroxisomes produce and then destroy?
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H2O2
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What are centrosomes?
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Denise areas of cytoplasm containing the centrioles
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What is the "endosymbiotic theory"?
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the theory that large bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacteria.
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How do they support the "endosymbiotic theory"?
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mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size and shape, they divide on their own and contain their own DNA and have 70S ribosomes.
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