Microbiology Module 4: Chapter 16

Front 1

Define nonspecific resistance.

Back 1

All body defenses that protect the body against any kind of pathogen

Front 2

What is another name for specific resistance?

Back 2

Immunity

Front 3

What are three ways that your body prevents pathogens from entering it?

Back 3

Barriers: skin, mucous membranes
Removal by washing: saliva, urine, perspiration, tears
Antimicrobials made by the body: Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juices

Front 4

Name six pathogenic inhibitions within the body.

Back 4

1. Leukocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. Inflammation
4. Fever
5. Complement (MAC)
6. Interferon

Front 5

What two factors is a line of defense made up of?

Back 5

Mechanical factors and chemical factors

Front 6

What is sebum and how does it protect us?

Back 6

It is the semifluid secretion of the the skin glands; made up of fat, keratin, and cellular material that inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria

Front 7

What is lysozyme and how does it work?

Back 7

Lysozyme is found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions and perspiration; it destroys the cell walls of some bacteria

Front 8

The high acidity of gastric juice prevents microbial growth in the stomach; what is its pH?

Back 8

pH 1.2 - 3.0

Front 9

What are transferrins and what do they do?

Back 9

Transferrins are iron binding proteins; they bind iron, making it unavailable to a pathogen

Front 10

What are the three categories of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Back 10

Granulocytes, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes

Front 11

What are the three types of granulocytes and which ones are phagocytic?

Back 11

Neutrophils: Phagocytic
Basophils: Nonphagocytic
Eosinophils: Phagocytic

Front 12

Which type of Granulocyte is most numerous?

Back 12

Neutrophils

Front 13

What are the characteristics of Monocytes?

Back 13

They are one of the types of leukocytes; phagocytic agranulocytes; mature into macrophages

Front 14

What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes and what are they also called?

Back 14

Nonphagocytic agranulocytes; also called Natural Killer (NK) cells

Front 15

What are the two broad categories of Lymphocytes?

Back 15

T cells (T for Thymus) and
B cells (B for Bone marrow)

Front 16

What do T cells do?

Back 16

They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity; macrophages and NK cells; produce antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; release various cytokines (small proteins that may induce fever, pain and proliferation of T cells)

Front 17

What do B cells do?

Back 17

They are responsible for humoral immunity (related to antibodies)

Front 18

What is the name for an increase/decrease in leukocytes?

Back 18

Increase: Leukocytosis
Decrease: Leukopenia

Front 19

Name two infections that may cause leukocytosis?

Back 19

Meningitis and mononucleosis

Front 20

Name two infections that may cause leukopenia?

Back 20

Salmonellosis and brucellosis

Front 21

What is a normal white blood cell count?

Back 21

5,000 - 10,000/microliter

Front 22

What white blood cell count would qualify for leukocytosis diagnosis?

Back 22

15,000 - 20,000/microlite

Front 23

What white blood cell count would qualify for a leukopenia diagnosis?

Back 23

Less than 4,000/microliter

Front 24

What is the most important phagocyte of the granulocytes?

Back 24

Neutrophils (60-70% of leukocytes)

Front 25

What do enlarged monocytes become?

Back 25

Both wandering and fixed macrophages

Front 26

Which type of leukocytes predominate during the early stages of the infection?

Back 26

Granulocytes

Front 27

Which leukocytes predominate as the infections subsides?

Back 27

Monocytes

Front 28

Name the process by which phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms.

Back 28

Chemotaxis

Front 29

Coating a microbe with plasma proteins to aid in adherence of phagocyte is called what?

Back 29

Opsonization

Front 30

How is a microorganism ingested by a phagocyte?

Back 30

Pseudopods engulf the microorganism and enclose it in a phagocytic vesicle to draw it into the cell

Front 31

What kills most phagocytized microorganisms?

Back 31

Lysosomal enzymes and oxidizing agents

Front 32

Give examples of microbes that are not killed by phagocytes and instead reproduce in them.

Back 32

Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, and plasmodium

Front 33

Name the surface protein present on some protein that prevents white blood cells from engulfing and destroying them.

Back 33

M protein

Front 34

Name the defense of some pathogens that causes lysus of the cell membrane of neutrophils (phagocytes) and its death.

Back 34

Leukocidins

Front 35

Name two organisms that use leukocidins to defend themselves from phagocytes.

Back 35

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 36

What are the roles (3) of inflammation?

Back 36

1. Destroy and remove etiological agent and its product or
2. Confining the etiological agent and its product
3. Repair/replace damaged tissues

Front 37

Describe the process of inflammation.

Back 37

Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocyte migration, and tissue repair

Front 38

What causes the vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels?

Back 38

Histamine: a cellular biogenic amine chemical
Kinins: blood plasma proteins that attract phagocytes
Prostaglandins: hormone-like substance released by damaged cells (intesifies effects of histamine and kinins)

Front 39

The ability of phagocytes to stick to the lining of the blood vessels is called what?

Back 39

Margination

Front 40

The ability of phagocytes to squeeze through blood vessels is called what?

Back 40

Emigration

Front 41

What is pus?

Back 41

The accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes, granulocytes, and macrophages

Front 42

What is the difference between stroma and parenchyma (tissues)?

Back 42

Stroma: Supporting tissue
Parenchyma: functioning tissue

Front 43

How is scar tissue produced?

Back 43

By fibroblasts (cells of connective tissue) repairing stroma tissue

Front 44

Shivering (chill) indicates a rising or falling in body temperature?

Back 44

Rising

Front 45

What is another name for the phase of fever?

Back 45

Crisis (sweating); Indicates body temperature is falling

Front 46

What helps the production of T lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity)?

Back 46

Interleukin 1

Front 47

What is MAC and how is it formed?

Back 47

MAC is the membrane attack complex which is formed by complements C5b - C8 and multiple C9 fragments

Front 48

How does MAC destroy pathogens?

Back 48

They create a hole in the membrane through which extracellular fluids flows into the microbe and causes it to burst

Front 49

How do some bacteria evade destruction by the complement system?

Back 49

By means of capsules, surface lipid-carbohydrate complexes, and enzymatic destruction of C5a (leukocyte chemoattractants)

Front 50

How is the complement system activated?

Back 50

Through antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathways

Front 51

Define interferons (IFNs).

Back 51

A family of cytokines that consist of antiviral and antimicrobial proteins produced in response to microbial infection (type of cytokines)

Front 52

Are interferons (IFNs) host or virus specific or both?

Back 52

Host specific only

Front 53

What are the three types of human interferons (IFNs) and what does each do?

Back 53

Alpha, beta, and gamma interferon (a-IFN, b-IFN, and g-IFN); a-IFN and b-IFN induce uninfected cells that are close to the virally-infected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs); g-IFN activates neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria