Microbio Test 2

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Prokaryotes

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Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and archaea.

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Eukaryotes

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Any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane. A clasification includes animals, plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.

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organelles

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Internal, membrane-bound strucutre found in eukaryotic cells that acts as a tiny organ to carry out one or more cell functions.

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glycocalyx

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Sticky external sheath of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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capsule

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Glycocalyx composed or repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached ot the cell surface.

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slime layer

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Loose, water-soluble glycocalyx.

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flagella (flagellum)

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A long, whiplike structure, composed of a basal body, hook, and filament, protruding from a cell.

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monotrichous

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Term used to describe a cell having a single flagellum.

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amphitrichous

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Term used to describe a cell having flagella at both ends.

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peritrichous

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Term used to describe a cell having flagella covering the cell surface.

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fimbriae

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Sticky, nonmotile, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one antoher and to environmental surfaces.

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biofilms

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A slimy, organizzed system of bacteria on an environmental surface.

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pilius (pili)

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A long, hollow, nonmotile tube of protein that connects two bacterial cells and mediates the transfer of DNA also called conjugation pilus.

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conjugation pili

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Proteinaceous, rodlike structure extednign from the sruface of a cell; mediates conjucation.

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peptidoglycan

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Large, interconnected polysacharide composed of chains of two alternating sugars adn crossbridges of four amino acids. Main component of bacterial cell walls.

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periplasmic space

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In Gram-negative cells, the space between teh cell membrane and the othe outer membrane containing peptidoglycan and periplasm.

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cytoplasmic membrane

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Membrane found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and composed of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.

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phospholipid bilayer

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Bippolar structure of a cytoplasmic membrane.

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selectively permeable

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In cell physiology, characteristic of a membrane that allows some substance to cross while preventing the crossing of others.

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cytosol

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The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.

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nucleoid

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Region of the prokaryotic cytosol containing the cell's chromosome(s).

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inclusions

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Deposited substance such as lipid, gas vesicle, or magnetite, stored within the cytosol of a prokaryote.

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ribosomes

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Nonmembranous organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA and functions to make proteins.

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cytoskeleton

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Internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod-shaped prokaryotic cells.

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cilia

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Short, hairlike, rhythmically motile projections covering some eukaryotic cells.

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centrioles

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Nonmembbraneous organelles in animal cells which appear to function in the formation of flagella and cilia and in cell division.

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nucleus

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Spherical to ovoid membranous organelle containing a eukaryotic cell's genetic material.

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nucleoid

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Region of the prokaryotric cytoplasm containing the cell's chromosome(s).

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chromatin

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Thread-like mass of DNA and associated histone proteins that becomes visible during mitosis as chromosomes.

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nuclear envelope

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Double membrane composed of phospholipid bylayers surrounding a cell nucleus.

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nuclear pores

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Spaces in the nuclear envelope that function to control the transport of substance through it.

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endoplasmic reticulum

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Netlike arrangement of hollow tubules continuous with the otuer membrane of the nuclear envelope and functioning as a transport system.

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Type of endopladsmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and plays a role in lipid synthesis and transport.

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes adhering to its outer surface which produce proteins for transport throughout the cell.

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golgi body

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In eukaryotic cells, a series of flattened, hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayers and functioning to package large molecules for export in secretory vesicles.

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vesicle

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General term for membranous sac thta stores or carries a substance in a cell; in human pathology, any raised skin lesion filled with clear fluid.

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vacuole

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General term for membranous sac that stores or carries a substance in a cell.

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lysosomes

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Vesicle in animal cells that contains digestive enzymes.

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peroxisomes

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Vesicle found in all eukaryotic cells that degrades poisonous metabolic wastes.

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mitochondria

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Spherical to elongated structures found in most eukaryotic cells taht produces most of the ATP in the cell.

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chloroplasts

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Light-harvesting organelle found in photosynethic eukaryotes.

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endosymbiotic theory

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Theory proposing that eukaryotes formed from the phagocytosis of small aerobic prokaryotes by larger anaerobic prokaryotes.