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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotes |
- DNA not associated with histones - Peptidoglycan cell wall - Inclusion bodies |
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Endosymbiotic Theory |
- Theory that in the past, larger eukaryotic cells engulfed independent prokaryotic cells Ex: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts both bound by double membrane with own genetic material |
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Mitochondria Chloroplasts |
Two types of organelles bound by double membrane and that contain their own genetic material |
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Organelles |
- Membrane bound structures of eukaryotes that carry out specialized functions - Allow cell to be more efficient - Embedded proteins on these membranes make products specific to it - System of these interconnected structures work together to metabolize, regulate and conduct life processes |
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Vesicles |
- Membrane bound sacs that transport molecules around the cells - Uses cytoskeleton as a track |
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Cytoskeleton |
- Lattice of protein fibers that provide cell shape, assists with cell movement and internal transport - Track for vesicles - Contains actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules - Dynamic, rearrange components in response to external/internal changes |
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mRNA tRNA rRNA |
3 Types of RNA produced in the Nucleus |
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Nucleolus |
Region where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomes |
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Nucleus |
- Generally appears as an oval structure near center of cell - Contains chromatin in a semifluid matrix called nucleoplasm |
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Chromatin |
- Network of strands that condenses right before cell division - Contains DNA, protein and some RNA - Genes, the unit of heredity, are located here |
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Genes |
- Unit of heredity, located on the chromosomes |
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Ribosomes |
- Synthesizes proteins - Can occur freely, singularly or in groups, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Signal Peptide Signal Recognition Particle |
When the protein being synthesized by a ribosome contains a ___________ _________, this binds a __________ ____________ ______________ which then binds to a receptor on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When the protein enters the ER, this structure is cleaved off and the protein folds into its final shape |
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DNA polymerase RNA polymerase Ribosome |
- Enzyme that helps replicate DNA - Enzyme that helps transcribe DNA into RNA - Structure that translates RNA into protein |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
- Consists of membranous channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) and is physically continuous to the nuclear envelope - Forms vesicles to transport molecules to other parts of the cell, notably the Golgi apparatus |
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Rough ER |
- Studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasm side - Gives it the ability to produce proteins - Inside the lumen, proteins fold into their final 3D shape - Contains enzymes that can add carbohydrate chains forming glycoproteins |
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Smooth ER |
- Does not have attached ribosomes - Different roles for different cells/organs - In the liver, helps detoxify drugs |
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Golgi Apparatus |
- Consists of a stack of slightly curved, flattened saccules - Cis (inner) face directed towards ER, trans (outer) face is directed toward plasma membrane - Vesicles from ER are received at cis face - Proteins and lipids are altered as they move through saccules - Has enzymes capable of modifying the carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins - Modified molecules are sorted and packaged into vesicles that leave on trans face - Delivered to other parts of the cell or back to ER or to plasma membrane - Vesicles bound for plasma membrane perform exocytosis - Produces lysosomes |
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Lysosome |
- Membrane bound vesicles produced by the Golgi complex - Low pH and store inactive hydrolytic enzymes - Assist in digesting material taken into the cell - Destroy nonfunctional organelles and portions of the cytoplasm - Called 'suicide sacs' when cell death is signaled (apoptosis) because they release their contents into cytoplasm - Engulfs pathogens in immune systems to break them down |
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Peroxisomes |
- Membrane bound vesicles that contain enzymes - enzymes of which are synthesized by free ribosomes - These enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide which is broken down by catalase into oxygen and water - Metabolic assistants to other organelles |
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Catalase |
- Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water |
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Vacuoles |
- Membrane sacs much larger than vesicles - Rare in animal cells, essential to plants - Store substances such as water, sugar and salts |
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Chloroplast Mitochondria |
- 2 Energy-related organelles that convert energy to a form that can be used by the cell |
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Cristae Matrix |
Mitochondria inner membrane is highly intricate, the many folds are called ___________. The inner membrane enfolds the ______________ which contain the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. |
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Mitochondria |
- Produces most of the ATP used by the cell - Number and location depend on cell type - Ex: Liver: 1000; Fat: Very few |
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Cellular Respiration |
- Process of ATP production - Mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates and other nutrient molecules providing energy for proteins on the inner membrane to allow ATP to be produced |
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Chloroplast |
- Have 3 membrane system - Double membrane encloses the semifluid stroma and thylakoids - membrane bound disc like sacs; a stack of thylakoids is called a granum - Light catching pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane - Enzymes capable of synthesizing carbohydrates are in the stroma |
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Stroma |
- Enzymes capable of synthesizing carbohydrates are located here, where the Calvin Cycle takes place |
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Thylakoid Membrane |
Chlorophyll and other light catching pigments are located where? |
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Actin Filaments |
- Microfilaments - long and extremely thin flexible fibers - Two chains of globular protein monomers twisted about each other - Occur in bundles or meshlike networks under plasma membrane providing support - Can dynamically rearrange themselves and facilitate cellular movement - Motor molecules use ATP to attach, detach and reattach further along these filaments to pull them along |
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Intermediate Filaments |
- Form a ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides - Filament type varies with cell type - Highly dynamic part of cytoskeleton |
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Microtubules |
- Made of globular protein called tubulin (Has 2 types: Alpha and Beta) - Assembly is under control of the MTOC which is in the centrosome of most eukaryotic cells - Radiate from the centrosome helping maintain shape - Provide tracks for organelles to be moved Ex: Centrioles |
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Centrioles |
- Short cylinders of nine microtubule triplets - Possibly involved in assembly and disassembly of microtubules - Replicate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell to organize the mitotic spindle before animal cell replication |
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Cilia Flagella |
- Two types of hairlike projections that can move like a whip or oars - In unicellular eukaryotes they can move through liquid - In attached cells they can move liquid over the cells - Membrane bound cylinders containing nine microtubule doublets around two central microtubules |
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Appendages - Flagella - Pili - Fimbriae Glycocalyx - Capsule - Slime Layer |
Know the prokaryotic external appendages (3). The external layers and what substance it is made from (2). |
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Cell Wall - Peptidoglycan
Cell Membrane |
Prokaryotic cell envelope consists of these 2 layers and is made out of? |
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Cytoplasmic Matrix Ribosomes Inclusions Actin Cytoskeleton Nucleoid/Chromosome Endospore |
6 Examples of Internal Prokaryotic Structures |
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Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum Spirochete |
- Bacterial shape that is usually single, diplo- (pairs), or strepto- (chains) - Bacterial shape like curved rods - Rigid helixes - Flexible helixes |
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Monomorphic Pleomorphic |
Most bacteria are one shape ___________________, but a few are many shapes ______________. |
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Diplococci, Streptococci Tetrad, Sarcina Staphylococci, Micrococci |
Give terms for the shape of Cocci that has - Division in one plane (2) - Division in 2 perpendicular planes (2) - Division in several planes (2) |
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Micrococci |
- Coccus that forms in tetrads and irregular clusters |
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Glycocalyx - Slime layer - Capsule |
- Sugar coat of prokaryotes that is a gelatinous polymer composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides or both depending on species - If unorganized and only loosely attached to cell wall, easily diffuse, it is called? - If organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, it is considered an important virulence factor and called? |
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1. Single free floating bacteria lands on surface 2. Bacterial cells aggregate and attach 3. Growth and division of bacteria for biofilm formation 4. Mature biofilm formation 5. Part of biofilm dispers to release more free floating bacteria for colonization 6. Cycle Repeats - Catheters |
6 Steps of Biofilm Formation/Cycle Give example |
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Flagella |
- Long filamentous appendages used to propel bacteria through aqueous environments - Connected to a hook and basal body anchors it to cell wall and membrane - Allow bacteria to move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) - Rotate to "run" or "tumble" - Its proteins are H antigens and distinguish among serovars (variations within a species) |
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- Peritrichous - Lopotrichous |
- When flagella is distributed over entire cell - When flagella is at both poles - When single flagella is at one pole - When there are tufts of flagella at one or both poles |
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Taxis |
Movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food |
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Serovars |
Distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens, allowing the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level |
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Axial Filaments |
- Bundles of fibrils around cell beneath an outer sheath - Anchored at one end of the cell causes corkscrew like rotation movement - Only for spirochetes |
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Fimbriae |
- Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment - Can be all over or on either side of the cell wall |
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Pili |
- Longer than fimbriae - Involved in motility (gliding and twitching) - Important in conjugation involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another |
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F' Fertility Bacteria |
- Bacteria with plasmids with the ability to replicate and transfer plasmids through its conjugation pili |
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Gram Positive Gram Negative |
- Thick peptidoglycan cell wall layer that stains violet - Thin peptidoglycan cell wall layer, lipopolysaccharide layer, stains pink |
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Cell Wall |
- Prevents osmotic lysis and protects cell membrane - Contributes to pathogenicity - Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria), a network of repeating disaccharides connected by poly peptides - Always have 4 polypeptides to cross bridge disaccharides- Disaccharides: NAG and NAM; N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylemuramic acid- NAG and NAM same disaccharides are used for any cell wall, but the inner polypeptide bridges differ between species |
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4 Polypeptides to cross bridge disaccharides NAG and NAM |
Structure of Peptidogylcan Cell Wall |
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Teichoic Acids Lipoteichoic Acid |
In Gram Positive Cell Wall, what substances? - Links cell wall to peptidoglycan - Links cell wall to plasma membrane They also carry a negative charge and regulate the movement of cations Not disturbed by Gram Stain |
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Polysaccharides and Techoic Acids |
- Provide antigenic specificity and used to ID Gram Positive bacteria |
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Periplasm |
In Gram Negative cell wall, __________ between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains thin layer of peptidoglycan |
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Gram Negative Outer Membrane |
- Lipopolysaccharide layer has strong negative charge the protects it from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics - Can function as antigen ex: E. coli - Can function as an Endotoxin embedded in top layer Ex: Lipid A - Made up of polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids This describes? |
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Antigen Endotoxin |
Lipopolysaccharide outer membrane layer of Gram Negative bacteria can act as an ____________ as in E. coli, and as a ______________ like Lipid A embedded in the top layer |
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Acid-Fast Cell Walls |
This describes what structure? - Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan doesn't take up simple stains - Allows mycobacterium to be visible (Sterols in plasma membrane) - Are instead stained with carbolfuchsin (red) |
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Archaea |
- Can lack cell walls or have cells walls comprised of polysaccharides and proteins but do not contain peptidoglycan |
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- Acid-fast - Archaea |
2 Types prokaryotes that lack a cell wall or have very little wall material |
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Peripheral proteins Integral and transmembrane proteins Glycolipids and glycoproteins |
- Proteins on the membrane surface - 2 Types of Proteins that penetrate the Pathogenesis membrane - 2 Substances that help protect the cell and play a role in cell-to-cell interactions |
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Simple diffusion Faciliated diffusion Active Transport |
3 examples of selective permeability |
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Chromatophores |
- Some membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called? |
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80% water Proteins (Enzymes) Carbohydrates Lipids Ions Cytoskeleton |
- 6 Components of Cytoplasm |
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Nucleoid |
- Attached to plasma membrane - Contains bacterial chromosome - genetic information required for cell structure and function |
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Plasmids |
- DNA that replicates independently - Often carry pathogenetic islands - antibiotic resistance, production of toxins - Circular extrachromosomal DNA |
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Ribosomes |
- Sites of protein synthesis - Made of protein and ribosomal RNA - 70S - 50S + 30S subunits |
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Ribosomal subunits |
- Often targets of antibiotics because it is capable of reading RNA and joining amino acids to form a polypeptide chain |
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Inclusions |
- Membrane bound or protein complex organelle - Accumulate certain nutrients or other reserves - Avoid increase osmotic pressure inside cell |
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Polysaccharide granules |
- Energy reserves in inclusions |
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Gas vacuoles |
- Protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy in inclusions |
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Endospore - Bacillus and Clostridium |
- Highly durable dehydrates cells with thick walls and additional layers - so stops metabolism - Resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted - Resistance to desiccation, heat, chemicals and radiation - Name the two types of bacteria it is produced by |
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Sporulation |
- Term for endospore formation - Generally when key nutrient is scarce or environment becomes unfriendly |
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Germination |
- When endospore returns to vegetative state |
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Process of sporulation |
1. Spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm 2. Plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm and membrane isolated in step 1. 3. Spore septum surround isolated portion, forming forespore. (2 Membranes) 4. Peptidoglycan layer forms between the 2 membranes 5. Spore coat forms |
