Ch. 5 A Survey Of Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms

Front 1

symbiosis

Back 1

evidence that the first eukaryotic cells were the result of two prokaryotic cells meeting and merging

Front 2

endosymbiosis

Back 2

theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the prokaryotic cell rather than being destroyed

Front 3

glycocalyx

Back 3

an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment

Front 4

nucleolus

Back 4

granular mass in the main body of the nucleus; is the site for rRNA synthesis and a collection area for ribosomal subunits

Front 5

chromatin

Back 5

network of dark fibers composed of chromosomes

Front 6

chromosomes

Back 6

large units of genetic information in the cell

Front 7

histone

Back 7

proteins in DNA

Front 8

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 8

microscopic series of tunnels used in transport synthesis and storage

Front 9

cisternae

Back 9

passageway from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately the cell's exterior

Front 10

Golgi apparatus

Back 10

site in which proteins are collected and packaged for transport to their final destination

Front 11

transport vesicles

Back 11

membrane-bound packets of protein

Front 12

condensing vesicles

Back 12

finished vesicles that will be conveyed to organelles or transported outside of the cell as secretory vesicles

Front 13

lysosome

Back 13

type of vesicle originating from the Golgi apparatus that contains a variety of enzymes for intracellular digestion and protection

Front 14

vacuoles

Back 14

vesicular membrane bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

Front 15

cristae

Back 15

the folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 16

chloroplasts

Back 16

organelles in algae and plant cells capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Front 17

thylakoids

Back 17

disclike sacs that are stacked upon one another into grana in the chloroplast

Front 18

stroma

Back 18

ground substance surrounding the thylakoids

Front 19

cytoplasmic matrix

Back 19

generalized region encased by the cell membrane

Front 20

cytoskeleton

Back 20

flexible framework interwoven in the cytoplasmic matrix

Front 21

microfilaments

Back 21

thin strands composed of the protein actin that attach to the cell membrane and form a network through the cytoplasm

Front 22

microtubules

Back 22

long, hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells

Front 23

Kingdom Protista

Back 23

any simple eukaryotic cell that lacked multicellular structure or cell specialization (alga or protozoan)

Front 24

macroscopic fungi

Back 24

mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

Front 25

microscopic fungi

Back 25

molds, yeasts

Front 26

chitin

Back 26

polysaccharide in fungal cell walls

Front 27

hyphae

Back 27

long threadlike cells that make up the bodies of molds

Front 28

pseudohypha

Back 28

chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row

Front 29

saprobes

Back 29

obtain nutrients from organic substances from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats (fungi)

Front 30

mycelium

Back 30

woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

Front 31

septa

Back 31

segments by cross walls that divide the hyphae

Front 32

sporangiospores

Back 32

subtype of spore formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head (sporangium) which is attached to a stalk (sporangiophore); spores a released when the sporangium ruptures

Front 33

conidia

Back 33

free spores not enclosed by a sac; develop by pinching off the tip of a special fertile hypha or by segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha; most common asexual spore

Front 34

zygospores

Back 34

sturdy diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite strains fuse

Front 35

acospores

Back 35

haploid spores created inside a special fungal sac (ascus)

Front 36

basidiospores

Back 36

haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell (basidium)

Front 37

zygomycota

Back 37

sexual spores: zygospores

asexual spores: mostly sporangiospores, some conidia

usually nonseptate hyphae

most are free-living saprobes

obnoxious contaminants in lab and on food

Front 38

ascomycota

Back 38

sexual spores: ascospores

asexual spores: conidia

hyphae with porous septa

most are either molds or yeasts

Front 39

basidiomycota

Back 39

sexual reproduction by means of basidia and basidiospores

asexual spores: conidia

incompletely septate hyphae

some plant parasites

mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, plant pathogens

Front 40

chytrids

Back 40

primitive fungi

don't form hyphae or yeast cells

zoospores and gametes present

most are saprobic

Front 41

mycoses

Back 41

fungal infections

Front 42

algae

Back 42

group of photosynthetic organisms (seaweeds, kelps)

Front 43

plankton

Back 43

microscopic algae

Front 44

ectoplasm

Back 44

clear outer layer of the cytoplasm

Front 45

pseudopods, flagella, cilia

Back 45

make protozoa motile

Front 46

trophozoite

Back 46

motile feeding stage of protozoa that requires ample food and moisture to remain active

Front 47

cyst

Back 47

dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable for growth and feeding

Front 48

conjugation

Back 48

form of genetic exchange in which members of two different mating types fuse temporarily and exchange nuclei

Front 49

flatworms

Back 49

thin, often segmented body helminths

Front 50

roundworms

Back 50

elongate, cylindrical, unsegmented body helminths

Front 51

cestodes (tapeworms)

Back 51

subdivision of flatworm group with long, ribbonlike arrangement

Front 52

trematodes (flukes)

Back 52

subdivision of flatworm group with flat, ovoid bodies

Front 53

hermaphroditic

Back 53

male and female sex organs are in the same worm