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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
- Science of classifying organisms - Shows degree of similarity among organisms |
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Systematics / Phylogeny |
- Study of the evolutionary history of organisms - Grouping organisms according to common properties through fossils or genomes Supports that: - Groups of organisms evolved from a common ancestor - Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestors Ex: Fossils; genomes |
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The Three Domains |
- This classification was developed by Woese - Based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA |
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Animals Plants Fungi |
3 Categories of Eukarya |
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Methanogens Extreme halophiles Hyperthermophiles |
3 Categories of Archaea |
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- Cell-wall composition - Differential staining - Morphology - Oxygen requirements - Biochemical Testing CD MOB |
5 Identification schemes for bacteria and archaea - Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
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Morphological Characteristics |
- A method of classifying and identifying organisms that are useful for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships |
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Differential Staining |
- Gram staining, acid-fast staining; not useful for bacteria without cell walls |
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Biochemical tests |
- Identifiying tests that determine presence of bacterial enzymes - Can provide insight into bacteria or yeast's species' niche in the ecosystem Ex: Rapid identification Methods |
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Rapid Identification |
- Methods perform several biochemical tests simultaneously (4-24 hours) - For medically important bacteria - Results of each test are assigned a number, color change |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
- Molecular technique of identification that is widely used in laboratories to create copies of a DNA segment quickly in a test tube - Mimics DNA replication in the cell - Requires DNA polymerase (Must be heat stable from Thermus aquaticus), nucleotides, primers |
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Thermus aquaticus |
The heat stable DNA polymerase required by the polymerase chain reaction comes from which species? |
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Restriction Enzymes |
- Cut (digests) molecule of DNA whereever a specific base sequences ooccurs - Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells - Creates blunt ends or staggered cuts known as sticky ends |
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Methylated Cytosines |
- In bacteria, protect their own DNA from digestion - This type of DNA is protected and inactive |
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Gel electrophoresis |
- Separates DNA fragments according to size - Possible to use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments, run the fragments on a gel and compare |
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Short Tandem Repeat (STR) |
- Occur at known locations on the chromosomes - Cab subject these regions to PCR, amplifying them - Separate the resulting DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis - Each person has unique band patterns - Used to identify pathogens, viral infection, genetic disorder or cancer can be confirmed when DNA matches |
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Strain |
- Group of bacteria derived from a single cell; a bacterial species may be from closely related ones (minute differences) Ex: Differences in how its tagged from minute differences in flagellum from tiny mutations |
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A) Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.? |
Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system? A) Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains. B) There are three distinctly different sets of metabolic reactions. C) There are three distinctly different Gram reactions. D) Some bacteria live in extreme environments. E) There are three distinctly different types of nuclei. |
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E) All of the answers are correct. |
A biochemical test, in the microbiology world, is used to determine A) staining characteristics. B) amino acid sequences of enzymes. C) nucleic acid-base composition of DNA sequences. D) capability of a microbe to perform a specific enzymatic activity. E) All of the answers are correct. |
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D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome. |
Which of thefollowing statements is FALSE? A) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction (5' to 3') only. B) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously. C) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer. D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome. E) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome |
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A) a new strand of DNA |
Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription? A) a new strand of DNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) mRNA E) None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription |
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Archaea |
Cell Type: Prokaryotic Cell Wall: Varies; no peptidoglycan Membrane Lipids: Branched carbon chains to glycerol by ether linkage First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Methionine Antibiotic Sensitivity: No rRNA Loop: Lacking Common Arm of tRNA: Lacking |
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Bacteria |
Cell Type: Prokaryotic Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Formylmethionine rRNA Loop: Present Common Arm of tRNA: Present |
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Eukarya |
Cell Type: Eukaryotic Cell Wall: Varies; carbohydrates Membrane Lipids: Straight carbon chains to glycerol by ester linkage First Amino Acid in Protein Synthesis: Methionine Antibiotic Sensitivity: No rRNA Loop: Lacking Common Arm of tRNA: Present |
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Enterobacteriaceae |
- Oxidase negative, gram-negative bacteria whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and other animals - Two kinds: Lactose fermenters or not |
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Shigella |
Can they ferment lactose? No Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source? No |
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Salmonella |
Can they ferment lactose? No Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source? Yes |
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Escherichia coli |
Can they ferment lactose? Yes Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source? No Can they ferment sorbitol? No |
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Enterobacteria |
Can they ferment lactose? Yes Can they use citric acid as their sole carbon source? Yes Do they produce acetoin? Yes |
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DNA fingerprint |
- Restriction fragments produced by restriction enzymes from different microorganisms are separated by electrophoresis - become different sizes and numbers - unique to the microorganism |
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Viral Species |
- Not composed of cells and cannot grow without a host cell - Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche |
