Micro: Chapter 10: Classification

Front 1

Taxons

Back 1

categories based on similiaries between organisms based on genetic differences.

R.N.A. most important (mutates less)

D.N.A. and T.R.N.A.

Cell membrane components (lipids)

Cell wall components and antibiotic sensitivity (go together)

Antiboitics affect different ribsosomes

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All species inventory

Back 2

Started in 2001 to discover and classify all living things. Only 10% currently discovered

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary history

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Domains

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Above kingdoms. Based on cell types and chemical composition

The three domains are:
Eubacteria, Eukarya, and Archea

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Eukarya

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Eukaryotes. Only eukaryotic domain
Fungi, Prostia, plants, animals

Membrane bound organelles and nucleaus
80s ribosomes.
70s ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts

No anitibiotic sensitivity - no peptidoglycan cell wall (exception: sensitive to 70s ribosome antibiotics for organelles)

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Eubacteria

Back 6

"True Bacteria" Aka Bacteria.
Prokaryotes
gram + or gram -, cyanobacteria

70s ribosomes

YES antibiotic sensitivity (generally) due to peptidoglycan cell wall

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Archea

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Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments

example : Methanogens, halophiles, hyperthermophiles

70s ribosomes

Non disease causing. No peptidoglycon if there is a cell wall

No anitibiotic sensitivity - no peptidoglycan cell wall

Halophiles - salt marshes

methanogens - methan producing eg. swamps

hyperthermophiles - extreme temps

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Endosymbiosis

Back 8

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes formed 3.5 billion years ago

Eukaryotes 1.2-2.0 billion years ago

The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria living within their host cell.

The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

Front 9

Gram + vs gram -

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Eubacteria . Gram positive have thicker peptitogylcal cell walls (protein and sugar)

Gram negative have less peptitglyco and an outer lipid layer

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Characteristics:

Back 10

DNA, Histones, ribosomes, growth, cell wall, antibiotic sensitivity

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Cell type characteristics: Ribosomes:

Back 11

Prokaryotes: 70s ribosomes

Eukaryotes: 80s in the cytosol and RER... 70s in mitrochondria and cholorplasts (endosymbiosis)

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Cell type characteristics: Histones

Back 12

Histones are proteins found in eukarya and archea

Eukarya: YES
EuBacteria: NO
Archea: YES

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Cell type characteristics: Growth

Back 13

Eukarya: Binary fission

EuBacteria: Mitosis

Archea: Binary fission

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Taxonomy

Back 14

The science of naming and classifying organisms, showing the degree of relatedness

taxons: subcategories/groups

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Taxonomy heirarchy

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Eukaryotes: k.p.c.o.f.g.s.

Prokaryotes: d.p.c.o.f.g.s.s.

Kingdom (or domain for prokaryotes), phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, subspecies (prokaryotes)

KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

Front 16

Prokaryote taxonomy

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Archea and bacteria are in

Archea prokarytote or bacteria prokaryote kinggom

Number's and letters after the genus and species signify subspecies or strain .

Derived from the same parent cell but geneticaly different.

Species is the population of cell with similar characteristics.

There is only a subspecies if another genetic difference has been found

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Culture

Back 17

Bacteria grown in a medium (auger or broth) over a time in a vessel

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Clone

Back 18

Bacteria genetically the same. Pure but decedents of a single parent cell

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Viruses

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Viral presence speculated until the electron microscope

non living (no cell structure, cytoplasm or organelles). Core contains genetic material, and have capsid (protein coat)

Classification important to see how to prevent them and how they affect the body

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Classifying viruses

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Classified by:
Type of genetic material (core) which is DNA or RNA

The configuration of genetic material (single or double stranded, circular, fragmented)

Type of protein (capsulmere) that makes up capsid

Shape of capsid

disease it causes

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Morphology

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structure

Microscope morphology (looking under scope)

Shape (cocci, bacillis, spiral)

Arrangement (colony they take on

Staining - gram + or gram negative

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Biochemistry test

Back 22

Indicates enzyme that the bacteria may have.

Use of metabolic characteristics to ID.

Ex. Enterotube

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Enterotube

Back 23

biochemistry test for an unknown bacterium. ID given for each positive result (enzyme activity) which indicate certain genes which are specific for each bacterium

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Serology

Back 24

Antibody/antigen interactions. Slide agglutination test. Antigen and antibody clump when they combine (agglutinate).

ex ELISA

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ELISA

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Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test

Checking for antibody or antigen - need positive and negative control to ensure good test

Indirect tests: Looking for antibody (HIV/Lyme)

Direct test: Looking for antigen

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Western Blot

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Electrophoresis. Pour hot auger, let it solidify into wells. Poured proteins, washed with antibodies. (Color change)

ID's proteins to ID organism

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Phage typing

Back 27

Petri dish/grid and Bacteria lawn. Phage is a virus that affects bacteria, causing them to rupture. What's left is a clearing zone called a plaque. Known number of viral agents that affect bacteria. Compare to ID bacteria.

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Fatty acid profile

Back 28

Compares fatty acids that are produced by one bacterium to another bacterium or known body of information to ID.

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Flow cytometry

Back 29

FLuid (eg: contaminated milk) forced through small hole and computer measures small particles that pass through - how they conduct electrons or scatter light and compare to known body of information

Front 30

DNA Fingerprinting

Back 30

Augarose gel. ID Comparisons, restriction enzymes. Chop DNA and place in well (compare blood in crimescenes, scheme of evolution)

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PCR

Back 31

Polymerase chain reaction. Amplifies DNA by photocopying in order to run multiple tests on the same sample

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rRNA Sequencing

Back 32

rRNA mutates less. Look at base sequence to compare evolution

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DNA hybridization

Back 33

heat to separate DNA and cool to see what combines. If complete hybridization the organisms are identical. If partial, they are related. If no hybridization they are unreleated.

C-G pairing and A-T pairing

Called G+C ratio or percent

If the G+C ratio is less than 10% difference they are similar organisms

Front 34

DNA probes

Back 34

Flouresent test. Glow in the dark pigment. GLows if it combined

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DNA chips

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Chip filled with multiple single strand DNA. Fluorescent dye added. Glows if hybridized

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Southern blot

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Molten Auger, comb to make wells (electrophoresis). Chambers negative to positive

Banding patterns

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Western vs southern blot

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Western : Proteins - antibody/antigen

Southern: DNA fragments

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Dichotomous keys

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DI = 2

ID organisms but does not show evolutionary history

Ask questions, preform tests and get answers and compare to known information

Yes or No = Di

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Cladogram

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Timeline and evolutionary history

Each node shows a common ancestor

Divided earlier = less in common

Front 40

What is the phylogeneticclassification of microorganisms based on?

Back 40

Taxons

Front 41

Whatare the characteristics of Archea bacteria?

Back 41

Live in extremeenvironments (salt marshes and swamps). No peptidoglycan in the cell wall IFthere is a cell wall. 70s ribosomes, histones, and no antibiotic sensitivity.

Do not cause disease

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Whenin history did the first prokaryotes exist?

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3.5 billionyears ago. Eukaryotes 1.2-2.0 billion

Front 43

Describe the principals behindnucleic acid hybridization.

Back 43

Heat toseparate and let cool to see what naturally combines. Complete hybridization =identical. G+C ratio less than 10% difference means they are related

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Beable to read, understand, and interpret cladograms and electrophoresis gels

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**

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Describe the characteristics ofviruses.

Back 45

Non livingbecause no cell structure, cytoplasm or organelles. Speculated existence untilelectron microscope. Core is DNA or RNA, not both. Capsulmere that makes up thecapsid is protein. No kingdoms or domains.

Front 46

What do Eubacteria have that Archealack?

Back 46

Peptidoglycancell wall

Front 47

What are the differences between 70sand 80s ribosomes? Where are they found?

Back 47

70s arefound in prokaryotes and eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts. 80s is foundin eukaryotic. *difference?

Front 48

What are the 3 domains? Classification intoone of the 3 domains is based on what?

Back 48

Eukaryote,Eubacteria, Archea. Classified based on cell type (eukaryotic and prokaryotic)

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Whatcan you conclude about 2 organisms that share similar rRNA sequences

Back 49

That theyhave similar evolutionary history, and evolved from the same or similar organism

Front 50

List the taxonomic groupingsbeginning with kingdom.

Back 50

Kingdom,Phyllum, Class, Order, Family, Genuis, Species

Front 51

What is phage-typing ? What do theresults of a phage-typing experiment tell us?

Back 51

Petri dish/grid and Bacteria lawn. Phage is avirus that affects bacteria, causing them to rupture. What's left is a clearingzone called a plaque. Known number of viral agents that affect bacteria.Compare to ID bacteria. *

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1.

What is serology?

Back 52

Antibody/antigentest interactions. Slide augglution, elisa*

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1.

What is a bacterial “clone”?

Back 53

Geneticallythe same. Descendent of a single parent cell.

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What does a bacterial biochemicaltest indicate?

Back 54

Thebacterial enzyme uses metabolic characteristics to ID