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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the bacteria classification according to Koch
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occurrence, duration, extent of host involvement
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Postulated the casual relationship of disease causing organism
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Robert Koch
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Koch postulates 4 things
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Pathogens must not be found in a healthy person
the pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture Inoculation into the animal should reproduce the disease The organism must be capable of producing the disease |
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invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues
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Infection
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manifestation of infection with characteristic set of signs and symptoms
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Disease
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entry of pathogen to the 1st appearance of clinical sings and symptoms
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Incubation period
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relatively short period, characterized by early, mild symptoms of the disease
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Prodromal Period
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Overt sign and symptoms of disease
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Period of Illness
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Signs and symptoms subside
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Period of Decline
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Period of recovery
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Period of Convalescense
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Stages of prodromal period
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Period of Illness
Period of Decline Period of Convalescense |
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Disease transmitted from one person to another
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Communicable disease
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not transferred to one another
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Non-communicable disease
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a disease present in community at all times
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Endemic
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examples of endemic diseases
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Tb, Diarrhea, pneumonia
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a disease attacking man people in a given area at the same time widely diffused and rapidly spreading
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Epidemic
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examples of epidemic diseases
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Dengue fever, cholera
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widespread involving different countries
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Pandemic
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examples of pandemic
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SARS, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Tb, Malaria
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a disease which occurs singly, widely scattered not epidemic or endemic
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Sporadic
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example of sporadic disease
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Ebola Virus
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What are the 4 different types of Occurrence
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Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic
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develops rapidly with sever symptoms but last only a short time, usually less than 6 months
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Acute
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develops more slowly with milder but longer lasting symptoms, usually more than 6 months
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Chronic
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What are the 2 types of Duration
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Acute, Chronic
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Limited to certain area
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Local infection
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affects the whole body system
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Systemic/Generalized infection
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no manifestation of the disease
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Subclinical
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presence of bacteria in the blood
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Bacteremia
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multiplication of bacterial elaborating harmful bacterial products such as toxins, enzymes in the blood
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Septicemia
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presence of toxins in the blood
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Toxemia
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presence of virus in the blood
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Viremia
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7 types of Extent of host involvement
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Local Infection, Systemic/Generalized infection, Subclinical, Bacteremia, Septicemia, Toxemia, Viremia
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ability of the organism to cause disease
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Pathogenecity
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degree or extent of pathogenecity (measurable)
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Virulence
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Infected individuals with subclinical and or no clinical manifestation of the disease
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Carriers
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Invasion of the organism to various parts of human body is more of the host regulated matter than being dependent upon the microorganism
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Invasiveness
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Some bacteria produce enzymes which aids in spreading the organism
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Extracellular enzymes
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toxic harmful substance produce by bacteria
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Toxigenicity
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3 Major factors in the degree of Pathogenecity and Virulence
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Invasiveness, Extracellular Enzymes, Toxigenicity
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evade/prevents phagocytosis
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capsule
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adhere to the other bacteria and to the membranes of the hosts cells, hence preventing phagocytosis
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Common pili
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G+ bacteria, Protein in nature, More poisonous
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Exotoxia
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lipopolyysaccharides and some protien, less poisonous
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Endotoxin
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4 types of invasive mechanism of bacteria
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Capsule, Common Pili, Exotoxin, Endotoxin
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Enzyme for Red Blood Cells
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Hemolysins
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kill WBC
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Leucocidin
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destroys the intracellular material of connective tissue
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Hyaluronidase
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dissolves blood clots
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Streptokinase/Staphylokinase
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coagulates plasma producing fibrin clot
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Coagulase
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causes breakdown of bone, skin and cartilage
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Collagenase
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6 Types of enzymes
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Hemolysins, Leucocidin, Hyaluronidase, Streptokinase/Staphylokinase, Coagulase, Collagenase
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process of complete destruction of all forms of life
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Sterilization
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not all forms of life are destroyed but which aims to destroy disease producing organisms
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Disinfection... usually for objects
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Chemical substance that prevents the growth of bacteria by either inhibiting or destroying microorganisms
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Antiseptic... usually for people
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inhibits the growth of microbes
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Bacteriostatic agents
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agents that kills bacteria
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bactericide
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agents that kills spores
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sporocide
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agent that kills virus
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viricide
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agent that kills fungus
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fungicide
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agents that aim to destroy disease producing organism
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disinfectants
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destroy vegetative forms of pathogenic organism
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Boiling
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expose live strain for 80-100 C for 30 min each day for 3 consecutive days
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Fractional sterilization
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use in processing of milk, destroy pathogenic organism
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pasteurization
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no definite standard time temp 160-170
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hot oven
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burning the organism into ashes
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open flame
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complete destruction of paper cups, infections material, etc
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incineration
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drying
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dessication
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bacteria when freeze undergo dehydration
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cold temperatures
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UVL damages microbial cells, reduces airborne infection
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radiation
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bacteria is not being killed but are physically separated
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filtration
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121 C, 15lbs pressure for 15-20 min
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Steam under pressure (autoclave)
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Physical Method of killing microbes
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Moist heat, Dry heat, dessication, cold temp, radiation, filtration
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3 types of dry heat
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hot oven, open flame, incineration
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Lowest division of plant kingdom non parasitic plants w/o roots, stems, or leaves, they contain chlorophyll and vary in size from microscopic form to massive seaweeds
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algae
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single celled organism
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procaryotes
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list 3 procaryotes
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bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria
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many celled organism
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eucaryotes
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list 4 eucaryotes
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animals, plants, fungi, protozoa
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eucaryotes are also called
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"true nucleus"
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procaryotes are also called
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"before nucleus"
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Genus with a ___
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Capital letter
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species with a ___
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small letter
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a type of nuclear cell division that produces offspring with half the genetic material, produces four genetically unique haploid spores
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meiosis (sexual)
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cell nucleus replicates and divides, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical
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mitosis (asexual)
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5 characteristics of bacteria
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Procaryotic
Has both DNA and RNA Binary fission Measured in Micrometer Cell wall (except Mycoplasma) |
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What bacteria does not have a cell wall
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Mycoplasma
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Father of Microbiology
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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berry/circular/oval shaped
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cocci
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rectangular/rod shaped "little staffs"
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bacilli
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twisted/tightly/loosely coiled
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spiral
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name the 11 shape types of the bacteria
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cocci
bacilli spiral coccobacilli comma shaped bizarre shaped fusiform tightly coiled loosely coiled club shaped coiled |
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grape like clusters
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staphylo
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pairs or chain
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strepto
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pairs (ie: gonorrhea)
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diplococci
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palisade (y/v/x shape)
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diptheroids
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cocci in tetrads (4)
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tetracocci
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cocci in 8
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sarcina
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thick slimy layer
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Capsule/glycocalyx
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a layer of more or less compact loose slime made up of polymers of polysaccharides and or peptides
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capsule
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outermost layer, gives shape and support, serves as protection to the bacteria
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cell wall/murein sacculus
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DNA and RNA as Nucleoids or chromatin bodies
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Nuclear Body
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are of 70s ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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located beneath cell wall, site of respiratory enzymes, acts as an osmotic barrier, selective permeable membrane that regulates the substance that goes in and out of the cell
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cytoplasmic membrane
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for food storage
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cytoplasmic granules
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found in babes ernst bodies or corynebacterium
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metachromatic granules
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material for enteric bacteria
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glycogen
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hair like structures for adhesive purposes or bacterial adherence
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common pili
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gene transfer
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sex pili/fimbrae
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resistant structures against adverse environmental conditions, means of survival when their moisture or nutrient supply is low
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spores
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bacterial spore are referred to as
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endospores
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bacterial spore's process by which they are formed is called
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sporulation
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they are resistant to
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heat, cold, drying and most chemicals, some are resistant to boiling and disinfectants
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without flagella
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Atrichous
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single polar flagellum
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Monotrichous
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two flagellum at both end
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Amphitrichous
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tufts of flagella on either pole
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Lophotrichous
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widely distributed on bacterial surface
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peritrichous
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Ultrastructures 5
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Atrichous
Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritrichous |
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strictly requires O2 for growth
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Obligate Aerobes
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no O2 is a strict requirement. Cannot survive in the presence of O2
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Obligated anaerobes
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survive in the presence and/or absence of O2
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Facultative anaerobes
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needs small amount of O2 for growth but are killed with higher concentration of O2
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Microaerophilic
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bacteria that respire anaerobically, but can survive in the presence of O2
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
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uses organic compounds as a source of carbon
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Heterotrops/Organotrophs
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Consists of using up energy or building up process (reduction) and breaking down of substrate (oxidation), by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients need to live and reproduce
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metabolism
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best grows at 15C, can cause illness from spoiled refrigerated food, cannot grow in people
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psychrophiles
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human pathogen grown at this best
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Mesophiles
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grow best 55-75C do not cause disease solidify at body temp
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Thermophiles
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Factors Affecting Mocrobial Growth
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Moisture Humidophilic
Temperature pH requirement Osmotic Pressure Salt Atmosphere |
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name 3 types of Temperature/Thermal
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psychrophilic, Mesophilic,Thermophilic
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give the range for psychrophilic
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0-20C
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give the range for mesophilic
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20-40C
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give the range for thermophilic
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40-60C
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give the 3 pH requirements
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Acidophiles, Neutrophilic, Alkaliphiles
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Acidophiles pH? and example
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pH 6.0, Lactobacillus, fungi
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Neutrophilic pH? and example
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pH 7.2-7.6, Pathogenic bacteria
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Alkaliphiles pH? and example
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pH 8.5, Vibrio cholerae
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3 osmotic pressure
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Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
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Example for Hypertonic
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plasmolysis
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Example for Hypotonic
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plasmoptysis
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Salt factor affecting microbial growth also called
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Halophilic
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Atmosphere factors affecting microbial growth
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O2
- Obligate aerobes - Facultative anaerobes - Obligate anaerobes CO2 - Capnophiles |
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culture is adjusting to new medium & growth conditions
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Lag Phase
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exponential replication; no cell death, optimal culture growth
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Log Phase
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cell death = increase in number of living cells, nutrients are starting to deplete and waste products are accumulating
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Stationary Phase
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number of cells dying far exceeds new cells from replication
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Death Phase
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4 Stages of Bacterial growth curves
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Lag, Log, Stationary, Death
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Complete destruction of ALL living organisms
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Sterilization
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destruction of pathogenic microorganisms
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disinfection
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reduction of microbes to safe level
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sanitation
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kills bacteria
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bactericidal
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inhibit growth of bacteria
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bacteriostatic
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presence of pathogens
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sepsis
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absence of pathogens
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asepsis
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handwashing, gloves also refers to what?
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aseptic technique
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aseptic technique also refers to what?
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handwashing, gloves
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prevent infection
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antisepsis
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Phenol by?
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Joseph Lister
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Aseptic technique to surgery
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Joseph Lister
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121C (250F); 12-20 min, @ 15 lbs/psi
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Autoclave
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80C for 2 hours for 3 days
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Inspissation
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100C for 30 min in 3 days
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Tyndallization
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100C
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Boiling
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63C 30 min; 72C 15 sec
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Pasteurization
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Controlling the growth of microorganisms 5
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Autoclave
Inspissation Tyndallization Boiling Pasteurization |
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120C for 2 hours
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Hot Air Oven
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300-400C (Infectious Waste)
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Incineration
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Control of communicable disease
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Cremation
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Imoculating Needles
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Flamming
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Dry Heat 4 types
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Hot air oven, incineration, cremation, flaming
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Bacteriostatic, food preservation
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Cold Temp/Freezing
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Long term storage (food, drug)
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Lyophilization
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Bacteriostatic, food preservation
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Dessication
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2 types of Radiation
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UVL, X-Ray/Gamma Ray
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Airborne infection control through radiation called?
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UVL
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Food preservation control through radiation called?
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X Ray/Gamma Ray
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clean delicate instruments
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ultrasonic waves
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water sterilization, biological safety cabinet
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Filtration
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Aerobes, microaerophiles - place in anaerobic
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Gaseous Atmosphere
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HEPA stands for
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High Efficiency Particulate Air
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ultrasonic waves
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clean delicate instruments
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Filtration
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water sterilization, biological safety cabinet
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Gaseous Atmosphere
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Aerobes, microaerophiles - place in anaerobic
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Factors affecting the effectiveness of disinfectants
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time
temp concentration presence of proteins in feces, blood, vomitus, pus type of microbes, number and spores |
