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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first signal for T helper cells?
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MHC class II
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What is the co receptor for T helper cells?
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CD4
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What is the 2nd Signal for T help?
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B7CD28
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What type of response does T H1 produce?
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Cytolyic
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What does activation of TH1 produce?
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IL-2 and IFNγ
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What do they IL-2 and IFNγ do?
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IL-2 activates T cytotoxic cells and IFNγ activates macrophages
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What type of response does TH2 induce?
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Humoral
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What does activation of TH2 produce?
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IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
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What does the activation of TH2 do?
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Activate B cells by producing pro-antibody production cytokines
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What type of response does TH17 induce?
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Inflammatory
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What does activation of TH17 produce?
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IL-17
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What does IL-17 do?
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Act on nuetrophils
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What does activation of THREG produce?
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IL-10 TGF-β
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What does the activation of TH REG do?
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Shut down an immune response
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What is the first signal for T cytotoxic cells?
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MHC class I
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What is the 2nd signal for T cytotoxic cells?
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B7CD28
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Where is the B7 molecule located?
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APC cells
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Where is the CD28 receptor located?
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T cell
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What is the Coreceptor of Tc cells?
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CD8
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Do NK cell target red blood cells?
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NO
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What are the functions of NK cells?
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kill aberrant cells that may be virally infected or cancerous and play a role in humoral responses.
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What do NK cells look for?
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Cell that don’t express MHC class I cells
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What happens if a MHC class I molecule binds to a NK cell?
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It is sent an inhibitory signal to override the first signal
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What happens if the MHC class I molecule is not found?
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It kills the cell because it does not receive a inhibitory signal
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What are the steps of NK activation?
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a. The first step is binding to a receptor that can be found in most cells. This sends an activation signal to the nucleus that tells the NK cell to kill or destroy the targeted cell.
b. They have a second receptor that is specific for MHC class I molecules. If the second molecules is bound, the NK cell receives an inhibitory signal that will OVERRIDE the first activation signal and allow the targeted cell to live. c. Ifthe MHC molecule is missing, the NK cell will destroy the targeted cell because it has NOT received the inhibitory signal. By producing perforins and granzymes to destroy the targeted cell. |
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What is the constant chain of an antibody made of?
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From the heavy chains
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What is the structure of IgM?
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pentamer, joined by J chain
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What antibody does not need t help to be produced?
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IgM
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What is the primary antibody the fights against helminthes?
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IgE
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What is affinity maturation?
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As B cells clonally expand, the BCR can become slightly better at binding antigen
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What does IgG primarily fight against?
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aberrant cells such as cancers cells
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What are antibodies bad at?
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Antibodies are not effective against intracellular pathogens, such as replicating viruses, or intracellular bacteria (those that hide out in macrophages.
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What antibody is very effective at completing complement?
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IgM because it’s a pentamer
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Where is IgM primarily found?
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In the blood because it is so big
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What is the most abundant antibody in serum?
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IgG
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How many IgGs are needed to start complement?
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2
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What antibody can cross the placenta?
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IgG
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Why can IgG cross the placenta?
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IgGR
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How is IgA found in saliva or sweat?
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Dimmer connected by j chains and a secretory place
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How is IgA found in the blood?
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Monomer
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How is IgA transmitted to newborns?
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In breast milk because it is the most abundant and found in every secretion and in serum
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What is the most abundant antibody found in the body?
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IgA
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Where is IgD primarily found?
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Naive b cells
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What antibody is not secreted in serum?
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IgD
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What is a Vaccine?
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a suspension of an organism or a fraction of an organism that is used to induce immunity.
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What is Attenuate?
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to reduce the virulence of a pathogen by passing it through a process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of the pathogen
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What is passive immunization?
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involves the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune individual. Temporary. Can be artificial or naturally occurring.
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What is active immunization?
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involves the education of the acquired immune system to a specific pathogen without producing disease. Temporary. Can be artificial or naturally occurring.
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What is a Live attenuated whole-agent vaccine?
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pathogen is modified in a way that reduces or eliminates virulence factors. Viable organisms can multiply and produce infection, but not disease. Confer long-lasting protection; require fewer doses and boosters than other types of vaccines. Sabin vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine.
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What is a Killed whole vaccine?
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pathogen is treated/killed but antigenicity (ability to induce an immune response) is retained. Because microbe does not multiply (it’s dead), requires larger dose and more boosters to be effective. Salk vaccine against polio was a whole killed vaccine.
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What is a Toxoid?
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purified exotoxins that have been chemically denatured. Vaccines against diptheria and tetanus are toxoids. We cannot create a toxid vaccine to endotoxin.
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What is a Protein subunit vaccine?
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Exposure to subunits of pathogen that induce an immune response in individuals. Diphtheria vaccine.
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What is a Recombinant vaccines-genetic?
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recombination using cloning vectors that secret protein product (antigen) which is then harvested and purified. Hepatitis B vaccine is recombinant vaccine.
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What is a Conjugated vaccine?
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polysaccharides are T independent, but if conjugated to a toxoid protein, become T dependent and can memory responses.
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What is a DNA vaccine?
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plasmid vector with an insert for antigen, which is delivered directly into cells via gene gun.
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What are VPLs?
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virus-like particles, essentially only the capsid of the virus, no genetic material
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What are Adjuvants?
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chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity.
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A reaction to urushirol in poison ivy is due to
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Proteins in the oil binding to self proteins initiating an immune response.
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