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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

dimensions of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes: 1 micrometer


eukaryotes: 30 micrometers


comparison: 30x smaller

surface area of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes: 6 micrometers ^2
eukaryotes: 5,400 micrometers ^2
comparison: 900x smaller

volume of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes: 1 micrometer cubed
eukaryotes: 27,000 micrometers cubed
comparison: 27,000x smaller

surface to volume ratio of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes: 6 micrometers ^-1


eukaryotes: 0.2 micrometers^1


comparison: 30x LARGER

surface to volume ratio reflects

efficiency for utilizing nutrients, which affects transport and metabolism

What structures are common to all bacterial cells

cell membrane


cytoplasm


ribosomes


one (or a few) chromosomes

what structures are found in most bacterial cells

cell wall


surface coating or glycocalyx

what structures are found in some bacterial cells


Flagella


Pili


Fimbrae (spiky, sticky)


Capsules (tight glycocalyx)


Slimelayers (loose glycocalyx)


inclusions


actin-like cytoskeleton


endospores

Plasmid DNa is transmitted by

Pili, across domains

A coating of layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse

Glycocalyx (pink coating)

Composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA direct all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins

Bacterial chromosome, or nucleoid

Double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes, like antibiotic resistant genes, is nonessential for life

plasmid

an elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells

pilus (pili)

tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis

ribosomes

long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell

actin-like cytoskeleton

specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filane.t The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility.

Flagellum

attack to host cells, fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

fimbriae

stores nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals of particles that can be tapped into when needed

inclusion/granule

a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell

cell wall

a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool

cell (cytoplasmic) membrane

extra, second membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing lipopoly saccharide. Controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released.

outer membrane

dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

endospore

water based solution filling the entire cell

cytoplasm

What are cell extensions,


not present on all species,


provide motility (flagella for swimming) and axial filaments (for internal rotation)


can be used for attachment (fimbriae) and mating (pili)

appendages

what part splits around in flagella

filament

3 parts of flagella

filament, hook (sheath), and basal body

monotrichous

single flagellum

lophotrichous

small bundle of flagella emerging from same site

peritrichous

dispersed randomly all over structure of cell

amphitrichous

one flagellum at each end

RPM of flagella

40,000 RPM

which part can change directions when swimming

the hook

what mediates swimming motility

flagellar function

what is the movement towards (positive) or negative (Away) from a chemical stimulus, like smelling, with chemical receptors

chemotaxis

what is movement toward or away from light


phototaxis

in bacterial motility, spinning counter clockwise is runs or tumbles?

runs

tumbles help

recharge motor

what forces the movement of bacterial motility

the gradient of attractant concentration

the flagella of spirochetes have __ filaments, located in the, causing the bacteria to __, so it can move through __

axial, periplasm, corkscrew, viscous media (connective tissue

what bacteria are spirochetes

lyme disease, syphillus, bovellia

what is one the the main causes of UTIs

E. coli

what type of flagellar arrangment has appendages at both poles of a rod shaped cell

amphitrichous

The glycocalyx consists of

polysaccharides

if the plate looks rough, is it capsule or not capsule

not capsule

if the plate is thick and mucoid, it is a

capsule

klempsiella morphelliae is

a capsule

what is formed by many pathogenic bacteria, protects the bacteria against phagocytes, is imporant in formation of biolims, are functions of the


glycocalyx

what can prevent/inhibit phagocytosis, and act as a disguise

capsules

t/f majority of bacteria have a cell envelope that lies outside of the cytoplasm

true

what are the two or three basic layers of bacteria

cell wall, (most bacteria)


cell membrane (all cells have it)


outer membrane as part of the envelope (some bacteria)

firmicutes is

gram positive

how many layers does gram positive have

2, thick.

gracilicutues, proteobacteria

gram negative

how many layers for gram negative

three, thin cell wall, 2 full in tact lipid bilayer

outermostlayer of gram positive

peptidoglycan

examples of gram positive

basilis


strep A.

where is peptidoglycan in gram negative

middle,

examples of gram negative

e.coli


psuedonomis


klempsiella

helps determine shape of bacterum, provides strong structural support and osmotic protection, and most are rigid because of peptidoglycan content, the strength of reinforced concrete or "titanium sweater" are functions of the

structure of a cell wall

the peptidogylcan can be seen as a __ network, it contains alternating strans of Glycans and Murmamic acid,

cross criss

NAM = , NAG, =

M, G

what are connected by peptide cross links

NAM

only human proteins have

L amino acids

the interbridge is the

peptide, (amino acid)

what may lack interbridges entirely

gram negative

What linkage provides rigid yet flexible support to the cell and that may be targeted by drugs like penicillin

the interpridge of glycines

The disaccharide (peptidoglycan) is made of

NAG, NAM

the peptide chain is made up of

D- amino acids


Di- amino acids

which amino acid is unique to bacteria

D- amino acid

which 2 amine grous (L-Lysine_mediates the lining

di-amino acid

gram + or -, which has a homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan

positive

Gram + or -, which contains tightly bound acidic polysaccharides called Teichoic acids

postiive

+ or -, which is 80x thinner

negative

+ or -, which has a periplasmic space surrounding the peptidoglycan

negative

t/f, teichoic acid only in gram positve

true

which acid rises from the cell membrane

lipotechoic acid

what is unique to gram -, without the outer membrane would fall away?

lipoproteins

what is unique to gram -, stimulates immune response?

lipopolysaccharides

what is unique to gram -, big access channels

porin proteins

gram + or -, which can be more resistant to large molecules like antibiotics

gram -