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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What spirometry changes are indicative of obstructive airway disease?
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"Reduced FVC & FEV1
FEV1/FVC Ratio < 80% Mild < 65% Moderate < 50% Severe" |
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If a smoker is diagnosed with COPD, how will their FEV1 change with time? If they quit?
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"Smokers with COPD will see progressive decline in FEV1 and functional impairments.
Quitters will see minimal decline. " |
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How does cystic fibrosis impact FEV1 values?
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Progressive decline with age.
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Is inspiration, or expiration, predominately effected by by obstructive airway disease? Why?
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"Expiration.
Expiration is a mostly passive movement brought about by elastic recoil of the lung, dependent upon the tissue itself. Obstructive disease will interfere with this process." |
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What are the three type of airway obstructions that may be seen on spirometry? What can cause them?
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"Fixed obstruction
- Tracehal stenosis, goiter Variable Extrathoracic obstruction - Unilateral vocal chord paralysis, vocal cord dysfunction Variable Intrathoracic Obstruction - Tracheo malacia " |
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What are three roles of airways surface liquid?
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"Airway hydration
Innante immunity Antimicrobial defense" |
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What neurotransmitter stimulate secretion of airways surface liquid?
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"Acetyl Choline
Vasoactive intestinal peptide" |
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How does the mucus layer respond to increases levels of pollutant?
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Liquid addition. More H20 secreted.
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How is integrity of the pericellular layer maintained?
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Osmolar control, salt and wate secretion.
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How does cystic fibrosis impact the composition of airways surface liquid?
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"Impaired CFTR protein leads to dehydration/thickening of ASL.
Loss of regulation of Na and CL. Increased absorption of ions into cells, and water follows, thickening the ASL. " |
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How does dysregulation of ASL composition lead to obstructive airway disease?
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Increased secretion of dense ASL to remove pollutants (& existing dense ASL) increasingly obstructs airway.
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How do hypersensitivity reactions lead to airway obstruction? Name three molecules that contribute to airway obstruction due to hypersensitivity reactions.
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"Bronchoconstriction, Mucus HYPERSECRETION
Histamine, Proteases, Cytokines, Major basic protein, Eosinophilic cationic protein Leukotrienes" |
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What are the immediate, and delayed, effects of a hypersensitivity response?
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"Immediate - Mucus hypersecretion
Delayed - Eosinophil infiltration to epithelium" |
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How may asthma and COPD be differentiated based on the type of infiltrating cell?
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"Asthma: Eosinolhils
COPD: CD8+ lymphocytes and netrophils" |
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Many obstructive airway disease are associated with inflammation. What pharmacological therapy may improve symptoms.
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"Inhaled corticosteroids. Takes 24-48 hous for effect, but long-lasting.
Non-specfic immune response causes to inflammation and release of histamine, a potent bronchoconstrictor. " |
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What is a fast-acting broncho-dilator?
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"B-adrenergic agonists
- Isoproterenol - Albuterol - Salbutamol" |
