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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bilirubin
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orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to form bilirubin and eventually excreted in the feces
elevated bilirubin in blood produces yellowing of the skin (jaundice), indicates liver damage or disease |
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bolus
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mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
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exocrine
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gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
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sphincter
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circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
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triglycerides
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organic compound, a true fate, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
combine with proteins in blood to form lipoproteins |
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bucca
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cheeks
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Functions of the liver
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you need it to live!
bile production (aids in fat digestion) removing glucose from blood to synthesize glygocen and retain it for later use storing vitamins (B12, A, D, E, and K) destroying or transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds maintaining nrmal glucose levels in the blood destroying old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin synthesizing proteins that circulate in the blood, such as albumin for fluid balance and prothrombin and fibrinogen for goagulation |
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Pancreas
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secretes insulin into bloodstream
produces digestive enzymes that pass into duodenum through the pancreatic duct trypsin - digests proteins amylase - digests starch lipase - digests triglycerides |
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gallbladder
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storage for bile!
into duodenum through common bile duct cystic duct merges with hepatic duct from liver to form common bile duct without bile, fat digestion isn't possible |
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or/o
stomat/o |
mouth
stomatitis - inflammaiton of the mouth |
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gloss/o
lingu/o |
tongue
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cheil/o
labi/o |
lip
cheiloplasty - surgical repair of defective lip |
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dent/o
odont/o |
teeth
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gingivo
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gums
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sial/o
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saliva, salivary gland
sialolith - calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct |
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gastr/o
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stomach
gastralgia - stomachache |
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pylor/o
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pylorus
pylorospasm - involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter |
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enter/o
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intestine, usually small
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
col/o and colon/o are colon |
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rect/o
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rectum
rectocele - herniation or protrusion of the rectum |
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procto
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anus, rectum
proctologist - treats disorders of colon, rectum, and anus |
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ano
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anus
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hepato
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liver
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
pancreatolysis - destruction of the pancreas |
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cholangio
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bile vessel - small terminal portion of the bild duct
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chol/e
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bile, gall
cholelith - gallstone |
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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choledoch/o
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bile duct
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-emesis
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vomit
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-iasis
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abnormal condition
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-orexia
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appetite
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-pepsia
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digestion
dydpepsia - difficult or painful digestion |
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-phagia
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swallowing, eating
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-prandial
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meal
postprandial - after a meal |
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-rrhea
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discharge, flow
steatorrhea - discharge of fat in fecal matter |
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Peptic Ulcer Disease
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PUD
sore in stomach or duodenum or lower esophagus cause - erosion of protective mucous membrane caused by infection with H. pylori bacteria, tissue exposed to acids and enzymes, forms ulcer. risk factors - smoking, tobacco, stress, caffeine use, steroids, aspirin, NSAIDs. untreated can creat a hole |
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflammatory disease of the colon
inflammation involves only the mucosal lining of the colon, which exhibits erythema and numerous hemorragic ulcerations uniformly involved, no evidence of healthy mucosal tissue characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea containing varrying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus may require surgical creation of an opening (stoma) for bowel evacuation to a bag associated with increased risk of colon cancer |
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Hernia
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protrusion of organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained
generally applied to protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) inguinal hernia - lump, reducible in early stages, if blood supply is cut off, a strangulated hernia may develop leading to necrosis with gangrene an umbilical hernia is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel in diaphragm: diaphragmatic hernia - congenital hernia hiatal hernia - lower part of esophagus and top of stomach slides back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing may cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Intestinal obstruction
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mechanical - intestinal contents preventing from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen. tumors, scar tissue, intestinal twisting (volvolus), intestinal "telescoping" (intusssceptions), strangulated hernias, or presence of foreign bodies, such as fruit pits and gallstones
Nonmechanical - peristalsis is impaired and intestinal contents can't be propelled through the bowel. after abdominal surgeris or with spinal cord lesions Severity depends on area affected, amount of occlusion within the lumen, and the amount of disturbance in blood flow to the bowel. treatment 0 decompress bowel with nasogastric tube, IV with electrolytes may be initiated to correct imbalance complete mechanical obstruction requires surgical interventions |
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Hemorrhoids
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enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal area
bleed, hurt, or itch internal or external to rectal area caused by - abdominal pressure high-fiber diet and water for prevention relief from cold compresses, sitz baths, stool softeners, analgesic ointments treatment - surgical removal |
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Hepatitis
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causes - exposure to toxic substances (alcohol), obstruction in bile ducts, metabolic diseases, autoimmune disease, bacterial or viral infections
A-E (A,B, C most common) A - infectious hepatitis, contaminated food, water, or milk B - serum hepatitis, transmitted by routes other than the mouth (blood/sex), vaccine C - transmitted by routes other than the mouth (blood/sex), no vaccine, may be asymptomatic for years, or only mild treatment - intiviral drugs, no cure. scarring becomes serious enough to warrant liver transplantation Jaundice because liver can't remove bilirubin (yellow compound formed when erythrocytes are destroyed) |
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Diverticulosis
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small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in inner lining of large intestine and may balloon through intestinal wall, usually in sigmoid
don't cause problems unless they become inflammed (diverticulitis) pain in LLQ, constipation or diarrhea, fever, abdominal swelling, occasional blood in bowel movements mild - rest, antibiotics, and changes in diet sever - surgical, excision of affected segment |
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Stomach cancer
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common where food preservation is problematic
neoplasm from epithelial or mucosal lining of stomach in the form of a cancerous gladular tumor (gastric adenocarcinoma) persistent indigestion other types - esophageal, hepatocellular, pancreatic carcinomas |
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Colorectal cancer
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one of the most common types in US
epithelial lining of colon or rectum changes in bowel habits, blood and mucus in stools, rectal or abdominal pain, anemia, weight loss, obstruction, and performation |
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anorexia
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lack of appetite, resulting in inability to eat
not anorexia nervosa, which is a complex psychogenic eating disorder characterized by an all-consuming desire to remain (or be) thin |
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the appendix, usually due to an obstruction or infection
appendectomy within 24-48 hours of first symptoms |
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Ascites
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease
associated with cirrhosis of liver |
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borborygmus
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rumbling or gurgling noises from passage of gas through liquid contents of intestine!
gurgly tummy |
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cachexia
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physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
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Cholelithiasis
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presence or formation of gallstones in gallbladder or common bile duct
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cirrhosis
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scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
usually chronic alcoholism also toxins, infectious agents, metabolic disease, and circulatory disorders |
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colic
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spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, esp. in the colon, accompanied by pain
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Crohn disease
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form of inflammatory bowel disease IBD, usually of ileum, regional enteritis
certain inflammatory pattern. fever, cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss |
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dysentery
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inflammation of intestine, esp. colon, caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, and results in bloody diarrhea
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dysphagia
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inability or difficulty in swallowing, aphagia
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eructation
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producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound, aka belching
burps! |
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fecalith
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fecal concretion
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flatus
flAtus |
gas in GI tract, expelling of air from a body orifice, esp. the anus
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
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GERD
backflow of gastric contents into esophagus due to malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus |
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halitosis
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foul-smelling breath
poor oral hygiene, infections, ingestion of certain foods, use of tobaco, or systemic disease such as diabetes or liver disease |
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Hematemesis
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vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
ulcer, esophageal varices (dilation of veins) |
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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IBS
symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (constipation, diarrhea, or alteration of them) for which no organic cause can be determined, aka spastic colon anxiety and stress are aggravating factors |
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malabsorption syndrome
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symptom complex of small intestine - impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into blood or lymph
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melena
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passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
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obstipaiton
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severe constipation, maybe from intestinal obstruction
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oral leukoplakia
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formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of lips, tongue, cheek caused by irritation
precanceous condition assoc. with smoking |
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pyloric stenosis
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stricture or narrowing of pyloric sphincter at outlet of stomach, causing obstruction that blocks the flow of food into small intestine
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steatorrhea
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passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
pancreatic disease or malabsorption syndrome |
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nasogastric intubation
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tube to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain specimen for analysis
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anastomsis
ileorectal intestinal |
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
ileorectal - connect ileum and rectum after total colectomy, sometimes performed in treatment of ulcerative colitis intestinal - connect two portions of intestines, enteroenterostomy |
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bariatric surgery
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group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
vertical banded gastroplasty - stapling of upper stomach and insertion of band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness Roux-en-Y gastric bypass - stapling stomach and shortening jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctional portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, decreases pathway of food, reducing absorption of calories |
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colostomy
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opening of portion of colon through abominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
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lithotripsy
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procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy - use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in gallbladder or biliary ducts |
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polypectomy
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excision of a polyp
examined for abnormal or cancerous cells |
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pyloromyotomy
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incision of the longitudinal and cirular muscles of the pylorus, used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
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gastrointestinal endoscopy
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visual exam of GI with fiberoptic instrument with magnifying lens and light source, to identify abnormalities incl. bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors
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hepatities panel
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panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus (Hep A. HBV, or HCV) causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
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Liver function tests (LFTs)
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group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, funciton, and conditions comonly associated with biliary tract
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serum bilirubin
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measurement of lvl of bilirubin in blood
elevated indicates excessive destruction of erthrocytes, liver, disease, or biliary tract obstruction |
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Stool culture
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test to id microorganisms or parasites in feces
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stool guaiac
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test that applies guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of blod, aka Hemoccult
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computed tomography
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CT
imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from diff angles |
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lower gastrointestinal series
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radiographic images of the rectum and colon folowing administration of barium into the rectum; aka lower GI series, or barium enema
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oral cholecystography
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OCG
radiographic images taken of gallbladder after admin of contrast material containing iodine, |
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magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
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MRI used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder
no contrast medium needed |
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sialography
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radiologic exam of salivary glands and ducts
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ultrasonography
abdominal endoscopic |
US
high-frequency sound waves directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure abdominal - US vis of abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder to diagnose and locate cycts, tumors, and malformations and document progresion of diseases and guid insertion of instruments during surgical procedures endoscopic - combines endoscopy and US to examine and obtain images of digestive tract, endoscope emits ultrasound to produce images |
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upper gastrointestinal series
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UGIS
radiographic images of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral admin of barium |
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Antacids
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counteract or neutralize acidity
treat and prevent heartburn and acid reflux calcium carbonate - mylanta, rolaids, tums |
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antidiarrheals
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control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in bowel or slowing peristalsis in intestinal tract
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antiemetics
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control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses ot vomiting center
some act by hastening movement of food through digestive tract |
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antispasmodics
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decrease GI spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughought GI tract
for IBS, spastic colon, and diverticulitis |
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Laxatives
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treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into bowel to induce defecation
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Ba
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barium
BaE, BE - barium enema |
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BM
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bowel movement
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HAV, HBV, HCV
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hepatitis viruses
also HDV HEV |
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R/O
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rule out
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stat
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immediately
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Solid and liquid components of blood
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red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) plasma - 92% water, plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), gases, nutrients, salts, hormones, waste materials (serum = plasma without fibrinogen and clotting elements) |
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The life of red blood cells
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Erythrocytes transport o2 and CO2
erythropoisis - RBCs decrease in size and extrude their nuclei, develop iron-containing hemoglobin for carrying live about 120 days - release hemoglobin and cell fragments |
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Three types of granulocytes
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leukocytes with granules
neutrophils - lilac color, polymorphonuclear leukocytes because their nuclei are segmented, phagocytic - ingest and destroy bacteria, most numerous and first to site Eosinophils - stain red (affinity for acid dye), Detoxification - numerous during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestation Basophils - dark purple (affinity for basic dye), release histamines and heparin at sites of injury - inflammatory process (blood flow) & prevent blood from clotting at site |
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Agranulocytes
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arise in bone marrow, mature in lymph
specific immune system nuclei don't form lobes, mononuclear leukocytes Monocytes - mildy phagocytic in vessels, they exit and become macrophages - phagocytes that ingest pathogens, dead cells, and other debris Lymphocytes - B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells B & T: acquired immunity, recognize and destroy threats NK: generalized defense, kill with chemicals, effective against cancer cells and cells harboring pathogens |
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Platelets
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smallest formed elements, thrombocytes
initiate blood clotting Hemostasis (control of bleeding) - series of reactions, platelets become sticky and form barrier, release thromboplastin -> fibrinogen forms fibrin strands, net traps cells into thrombus or blood clot |
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Blood types
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Type A: plasma has B antibodies (41% of population)
Type B: plasma has A antibodies (10% of pop) Type AB: neither A nor B antibodies (4% of pop) Type O: blood cells have neither A nor B antibodies, so plasma has A AND B antibodies (45% of pop) |
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eosin/o
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dawn (rose-colored)
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erythro
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red
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plas/o
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formation, growth
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poikil/o
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irregular, varied
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sider/o
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iron
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-penia
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decrease, deficiency
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allo-
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other, differing from the normal
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aniso-
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unequal, dissimilar
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Anemia
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deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood
caused by lack of iron, blood loss, blood cell destruction, decreased blood formation and faulty hemoglobin production s/s - dyspnea, weakness, tachycardia, pallor, hypotension, and commonly, a slight fever |
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Aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia
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serious form associated with bone marrow failure and resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
caused by autoimunne disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents |
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follic-acid deficiency anemia
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inability to produce sufficient RBCs due to lack of folic acid, B vit essential for erythropoiesis
caused by insufficient folic acid intake due to poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth) |
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hemolytic aenemia
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destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice
associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions |
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Iron-deficiency anemia
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lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron |
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Pernicious anemia
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chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 due to lack of sufficient vitamin B12, needed for blood cell development
commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach (absorption of vit B12) |
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sickle cell anemia
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inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent shaped when oxygen levels are low
caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis must inherit trait from both parents to have disorder |
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Hemophilia
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bleeder's disease
hereditary disorder in which blood clotting mechanism is impaired Hemophilia A - deficiency in clotting factor VIII Hemophilia B - deficiency in clotting factor IX deficiency from mild - severe found most commonly in men, women carriens but usually don't have symptoms mild - nosebleeds, easy bruising, bleeding from gums severe - seepage within muscles, blood in joints (hemarthrosis) associated with pain and deformity uncontrolled bleeding can lead to shock and death, treat with deficient factor |
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
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abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues
eventually, clotting proteins are exhausted, leading to profuse bleeding, even with slightest trauma |
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hemoglobinopathy
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any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule (sickle cell anemia)
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lymphadenopathy
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any disease of the lymph nodes
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Thrombocythemia
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overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations
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thrombocytopenia
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abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascular), spleen (extravascular), or liver (extravascular)
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von willebrand disease
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bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, a "sticky" protein that lines the blood vessels and reacts with platelets to forma a plug that leads to clot formation
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blood culture
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test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
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complete blood count (CBC)
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series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count; also called hemogram
screening for anemias, coagulation disorders, and infections |
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partial thromboplastin time PTT
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test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors; aka activated partial thromboplastin time
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prothrombin time
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test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot; aka pro time
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shilling test
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test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract
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bone marrow MRI
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highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, esp. in multiple myeloma
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anticoagulants
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prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors
prevent DVT and postoperative clot formation and decrease the risk of stroke heparin, warfarin |
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antifibrinolytics
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neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucus membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots
aminocaprioc acid used to treat serious bleeding |
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fat-soluble vitamins
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prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin, which is commonly caused by vitamin K deficiency
phytonadione |
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thrombolytics
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dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
alteplase, streptokinase |
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AB
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Ab, ab
antibody, abortion |
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APC
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antigen presenting cell
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BMT
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bone marrow transplant
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CBC
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complete blood count
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DIC
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disseminated intravascular coagulation
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diff
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differential count (wbcs)
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Hb, Hgb
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Hemoglobin
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