Mccurdy Us History All Second Semester Terms 2014-2015

Front 1

Nonviolent hostility between the U.S. & Soviet Union that arose during the 1950s.

Back 1

Cold War

Front 2

Emerged from World War II as superpowers.

Back 2

U.S. & Soviet Union

Front 3

Resulted in competing Communist & Western alliances.

Back 3

Cold War

Front 4

The competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world.

Back 4

Cold War

Front 5

Political conflict and military tension that characterized the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years after World War II.

Back 5

Cold War

Front 6

At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill clashed with Stalin over his refusal to allow free elections in ______.

Back 6

Poland

Front 7

One contributing factor to the Cold War was the fact that Stalin broke a promise he had made at Yalta for ___________.

Back 7

free elections in Eastern Europe

Front 8

After World War II the United States objected to the Soviet domination of ________.

Back 8

Poland in particular (Eastern Europe in general)

Front 9

At this conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided to divide defeated Germany into four sectors.

Back 9

Yalta

Front 10

The occupation zones resulted in a democratic and a communist _________.

Back 10

Germany

Front 11

Democratic Germany

Back 11

West Germany

Front 12

Communist Germany

Back 12

East Germany

Front 13

In addition to dividing Germany after WWII ________ was also divided.

Back 13

Berlin

Front 14

West Berlin was completely surrounded by ________.

Back 14

East Germany

Front 15

He was determined that Germany would never threaten his nation again.

Back 15

Joseph Stalin

Front 16

Took control of several Eastern European countries after World War II.

Back 16

Soviet Union

Front 17

He defied Stalin and ruled Yugoslavia relatively free of Soviet interference.

Back 17

Tito

Front 18

In Eastern Europe they were nations controlled politically and economically by the Soviet Union

Back 18

satellite nations

Front 19

Division of Europe into Communist and Democratic regions.

Back 19

Iron Curtain

Front 20

Was created so people could not escape to West Berlin.

Back 20

Berlin wall

Front 21

In East Germany, Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia there were revolts against____.

Back 21

Soviet domination

Front 22

The imaginary line that divided Europe between capitalist West and Communist East

Back 22

iron curtain

Front 23

Philosophical "wall" of Soviet domination and oppression.

Back 23

iron curtain

Front 24

In 1946, HE proclaimed that an Iron curtain separated Communist Eastern Europe from capitalist Western Europe.

Back 24

Winston Churchill

Front 25

U.S. policy of resistance to Soviet attempts at expanding communism.

Back 25

containment

Front 26

Policy developed by American leaders after WWII, to resist and stop the spread of communism.

Back 26

containment

Front 27

A promise to support nations trying to resist Soviet control.

Back 27

Truman Doctrine

Front 28

Pressure by Communists on Turkey and Greece led to the ______.

Back 28

Truman Doctrine

Front 29

As a result of the Truman Doctrine congress approved $400 million to help what two countries resist Soviet influence?

Back 29

Turkey & Greece

Front 30

Doctrine giving military and economic aid to help countries block communist takeovers.

Back 30

Truman Doctrine

Front 31

The Truman doctrine was in effect the policy of _____.

Back 31

containment

Front 32

U.S. leaders attempted to keep communism from spreading to other nations in a policy of ______.

Back 32

containment

Front 33

As Secretary of State HE drafted a plan to help European nations rebuild after World War II.

Back 33

George Marshall

Front 34

Pledged American financial aid to all European nations following World War II.

Back 34

Marshall Plan

Front 35

The U.S. gave massive economic aid which revived Western European economies after WWII.

Back 35

Marshall Plan

Front 36

One goal of the Marshall Plan was to create stable democracies that could ______.

Back 36

resist communism

Front 37

In response to the Marshall Plan the Soviet Union ________.

Back 37

refused to participate

Front 38

After World War II the Soviet Union attempted to rebuild in ways that would protect its ____.

Back 38

own interest

Front 39

Because West Berlin had become an escape route to the West the Soviet Union attempted to force the Allies to _________.

Back 39

abandon it

Front 40

Provided vital supplies to a region blockaded by the Soviet Union.

Back 40

Berlin airlift

Front 41

Means for of transporting supplies around the Soviet blockade.

Back 41

Berlin airlift

Front 42

When the Soviet's blockaded West Berlin President Truman responded with the _____.

Back 42

Berlin airlift

Front 43

Both the U.S. & the Soviet Union formed them with the countries they protected or occupied.

Back 43

military alliances.

Front 44

It was formed in 1949 by a number of nations to protect themselves from possible Soviet aggression.

Back 44

NATO

Front 45

NATO was based on the principal of ______.

Back 45

collective security

Front 46

NATO

Back 46

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Front 47

Principal of mutual military assistance.

Back 47

collective security

Front 48

Consisted of the U.S. and its Western European allies.

Back 48

NATO

Front 49

Part of the reason for the development of NATO was the Veto power of the Soviet Union in the _________.

Back 49

United Nations Security Council

Front 50

A military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

Back 50

Warsaw Pact

Front 51

Two events in 1949 that heightened American's concern about the Cold War.

Back 51

Successful Soviet test of an Atomic bomb and Communist taking control of China.

Front 52

In response to the Soviet Union's deployment of an atomic bomb Truman approved the development of the _________.

Back 52

Hydrogen Bomb

Front 53

After Japan's defeat civil war resumed in China between the ____________.

Back 53

Communists & Nationalists

Front 54

Leader of the Communists in China after WWII.

Back 54

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Front 55

Leader of the Nationalists in China after WWII.

Back 55

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Front 56

Communists won control of mainland China in _____. (year)

Back 56

1949

Front 57

The communists won in China in large part because they won the support of the _____.

Back 57

peasants

Front 58

Leader of the Communist forces that took control of China in 1949.

Back 58

Mao Zedong

Front 59

After China fell to Mao Zedong some members of congress called for the protection of the ____.

Back 59

rest of Asia

Front 60

The success of communists in other parts of the world produced a fear that communists were living in ________.

Back 60

the United States

Front 61

Truman's Federal Employee Loyalty Program was intended to expose _____.

Back 61

Communists

Front 62

Committee that probed the government for Communist infiltration.

Back 62

HUAC

Front 63

HUAC

Back 63

House Un-American Activities Committee

Front 64

In the late 1940s, IT investigated the motion picture industry for Communist influences.

Back 64

HUAC

Front 65

Members of the House Un-American Activities Committee charged numerous Hollywood figures with being sympathetic to _______.

Back 65

Communist ideas

Front 66

Invoking their constitutional rights they refused to answer questions from the HUAC.

Back 66

Hollywood Ten

Front 67

The Hollywood ten were cited for contempt of congress and served _____.

Back 67

jail terms

Front 68

Were compiled by studios in Hollywood as a result of the HUAC investigations.

Back 68

blacklists

Front 69

A list of the names of people whom employers agree not to hire.

Back 69

blacklist

Front 70

Accused of being a Communist by Whittaker Chambers. He was convicted of perjury and his conviction emboldened those searching for communist .

Back 70

Alger Hiss

Front 71

Their trial and execution in 1952 intensified the fear of communism as an internal threat to the United States.

Back 71

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Front 72

Senator Joseph McCarthy's hearings were intended to expose _____.

Back 72

Communists

Front 73

The federal government's hunt for communist within the U.S. resulted in the violation many people's ______.

Back 73

civil rights

Front 74

The activities of the HUAC and McCarthyism were part of the ______.

Back 74

Second Red Scare

Front 75

Part of the reason for the Korean War was the communist victory in the ________.

Back 75

Chinese Civil War

Front 76

Country that controlled Korea for much of the first half of the twentieth century.

Back 76

Japan

Front 77

Asian country that was divided into two after World War II, one half with a pro-American government, the other with a pro-communist government.

Back 77

Korea

Front 78

After WWII the U.S. and Soviet forces agreed to divide this nation at the 38th parallel.

Back 78

Korea

Front 79

Communist Dictator of North Korea after WWII.

Back 79

Kim Il Sung

Front 80

The North Koreans attacked the South in June of _________.

Back 80

1950

Front 81

Americans believed that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was motivated by the ____.

Back 81

Soviet Union

Front 82

Because of the absence of the Soviet Union it condemned the North Korean invasion and used a force made up mostly of U.S. troops to fight the North Koreans.

Back 82

United Nations

Front 83

Passed a resolution that supported efforts to defend South Korea and restore peace.

Back 83

United Nations

Front 84

The North Koreans overran most of the South until they were stopped by the U.N. forces, the U.N. forces then counter attacked and drove back close to the ______.

Back 84

Chinese border

Front 85

After Mao Zedong sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans the U.N. forces were driven back to the _____.

Back 85

38th parallel

Front 86

American General who led the United Nations forces during the Korean War.

Back 86

Douglas MacArthur

Front 87

General MacArthur wanted to break the stalemate in Korea by attacking the ______.

Back 87

Chinese mainland

Front 88

When Truman opposed his strategy of attacking China during the Korean War he appealed to the Speaker of the House.

Back 88

Douglas MacArthur

Front 89

When General MacArthur's appeal to the speaker of the House was made public Truman _____.

Back 89

fired MacArthur

Front 90

The Korean War turned into a stalemate and both sides signed an armistice to end fighting in ____. (year)

Back 90

1953

Front 91

After the Korean War nearly two million North and South Koreans remained dug in on either side of the _____.

Back 91

demilitarized zone (DMZ)

Front 92

After the Korean war the boundaries between North and South Korea returned to their ____.

Back 92

pre-war status

Front 93

It did result in South Korea remaining free of communism.

Back 93

Korean War

Front 94

Individual most responsible for spreading a fear of Communism in the United states.

Back 94

Joseph McCarthy

Front 95

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power faded after he appeared on television in the ________.

Back 95

Army-McCarthy hearings

Front 96

Revolutionary leader who in 1959 overthrew the Cuban dictatorship.

Back 96

Fidel Castro

Front 97

Eisenhower halted exports to Cuba when Fidel Castro seized _______.

Back 97

American property

Front 98

One reason the U.S. became involved in the affairs of the Middle East after World War II was to prevent oil-rich Arab nations from falling under _______.

Back 98

Soviet influence

Front 99

The United States acted to oppose Soviet influence in the Middle East under _____.

Back 99

President Eisenhower

Front 100

Jews had been driven out of what is today Palestine in the first century, but started to return in the _______.

Back 100

1800s

Front 101

The Holocaust created worldwide support for a _______.

Back 101

Jewish Homeland in Palestine

Front 102

After WWII Jews migrated in large numbers to ______.

Back 102

Palestine

Front 103

The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an ______.

Back 103

Arab and a Jewish state

Front 104

Rejected the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Back 104

Arabs

Front 105

When Britain withdrew from Palestine the Jews proclaimed the independent state of ______.

Back 105

Israel

Front 106

After Israel declared its independence the Arabs ______.

Back 106

launched the first of several wars against them

Front 107

Victors in the Arab Israeli wars.

Back 107

Israel

Front 108

A major goal of the U.S. policy in Latin America during the Cold War was to protect American _________.

Back 108

financial investments

Front 109

The struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to gain weapons superiority.

Back 109

arms race

Front 110

Event that did the most produce fear in Americans of an attack by the Soviet Union.

Back 110

Soviet Union successfully testing an atomic bomb

Front 111

Within a year of the U.S. exploding its first thermonuclear device the Soviet Union successfully tested its own _______.

Back 111

Hydrogen Bomb

Front 112

The policy of making the military power of the U.S. and its allies so strong that no enemy would dare attack it for fear of retaliation.

Back 112

deterrence.

Front 113

The ability to come to the verge of war without actually going to war.

Back 113

brinkmanship

Front 114

Secretary of State who made it clear that the United States would risk war to protect its national interests.

Back 114

John Foster Dulles

Front 115

Policy of being willing to risk war to protect national interests.

Back 115

brinkmanship

Front 116

Secretary of state who developed the policy of brinkmanship.

Back 116

John Foster Dulles

Front 117

The U.S. lagged behind the Soviet Union in missile development because of its reliance on ___________.

Back 117

aircraft to carry nuclear weapons

Front 118

The size of the technology gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the area of missiles became apparent in 1957 when the Soviets used a rocket to launch the first artificial satellite ______.

Back 118

Sputnik

Front 119

During the years following World War II the U.S. embarked on one of its greatest periods of ___________.

Back 119

economic expansion

Front 120

During the postwar years, the Gross National Product of the United States more than ________.

Back 120

doubled

Front 121

GNP

Back 121

Gross National Product

Front 122

The total amount of goods and services produced by a national economy.

Back 122

GNP

Front 123

From 1945 to 1960 the per capita income nearly ______________.

Back 123

doubled

Front 124

The average income per person.

Back 124

per capita income

Front 125

A giant corporation that invests in a wide range of businesses that produce different kinds of goods and services.

Back 125

conglomerate

Front 126

A corporation made up of three or more unrelated businesses.

Back 126

conglomerate

Front 127

Gives a group or individual the right to market a company's goods or services.

Back 127

franchise

Front 128

A business that contracts to offer certain goods and services from a larger parent company.

Back 128

franchise

Front 129

Many unique stores, with ties to the local community, were replaced as a result of the __________

Back 129

franchise system

Front 130

Two business systems or strategies that contributed to a major expansion of business in the 1950s.

Back 130

conglomerates and franchises

Front 131

In 1955, the average American family watched television _________.

Back 131

four to five hours a day

Front 132

In the early days of television many programs were broadcast __________.

Back 132

live

Front 133

Advertisements on this new medium helped spur economic growth in the post war years.

Back 133

Television

Front 134

A 1950s technological innovation furthered by research during World War II.

Back 134

the computer

Front 135

Computer use became much more widespread in the 1950s mainly because they became _____.

Back 135

smaller and faster

Front 136

Term introduced by Grace Hopper, when she removed a moth that had become caught in a relay switch that caused a large computer to shut down.

Back 136

debugging

Front 137

Ridding a computer of program errors.

Back 137

debugging

Front 138

A tiny circuit that improved the transmission of electronic signals.

Back 138

transistor

Front 139

A tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals.

Back 139

transistor

Front 140

One of its major impacts was to reduce the size of electronic appliances.

Back 140

transistor

Front 141

Doctor who developed the vaccine against polio. (first successful field test 1954)

Back 141

Jonas Salk

Front 142

Penicillin and others were developed before World War II, but during the 1950s, doctors discovered more of these drugs including ones that were effective against penicillin-resistant bacteria.

Back 142

antibiotics

Front 143

Business expansion after World War II resulted in a shift in the work force from ____________.

Back 143

blue-collar to white collar jobs

Front 144

By 1956 more Americans held _________ than __________ jobs.

Back 144

white-collar blue-collar

Front 145

Some people believed that white-collar workers were less connected with products and services their companies provided and were more likely to ___________.

Back 145

conform in their behavior

Front 146

The high birth rate that started during World War II and continued after the war was over.

Back 146

baby boom

Front 147

It began in the mid 1940s, during World War II and peaked in 1957.

Back 147

baby boom

Front 148

One result of the baby boom was families moving from the _____________.

Back 148

cities to the suburbs

Front 149

It was passed by Congress in 1944 to give World War II veterans benefits like college tuition and low-interest mortgage loans.

Back 149

GI Bill of Rights

Front 150

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.

Back 150

GI Bill of Rights (or GI Bill)

Front 151

Law that provided fuel for the postwar economic boom and the modern middle class lifestyle that developed in during the 1950s.

Back 151

GI Bill of Rights

Front 152

Developer who mass-produced new communities in the suburbs.

Back 152

William J. Levitt

Front 153

William J. Levitt contributed to the growth of suburbs by _____________________.

Back 153

mass-producing houses

Front 154

Name William Levitt gave to his new communities.

Back 154

Levittown's

Front 155

Following their customers many stores moved from the cities to _______.

Back 155

shopping centers in the suburbs

Front 156

Because many people moved beyond the reach of the public transportation systems they became more dependent upon _____.

Back 156

cars

Front 157

From 1948 to 1958, passenger car sales increased by more than __________.

Back 157

50%

Front 158

The increase in the number of cars created a need for better roads and resulted in the 1956 _______.

Back 158

Interstate Highway Act

Front 159

Provided $25 billion to build an interstate highway system more than 40,000 miles long.

Back 159

Interstate Highway Act

Front 160

Inspired the development of many new businesses, including: gas stations, repair shops, parts stores, drive in movies and restaurants.

Back 160

the car culture

Front 161

One long-lasting effect of the major highway-building projects of the 1950s was less reliance on the _________________.

Back 161

public transportation system

Front 162

Eager to cash in on the increasing number of cars on the roads gasoline companies began offering ___________.

Back 162

credit cards

Front 163

They became a popular means of purchasing things because of their ease and convenience.

Back 163

credit cards

Front 164

Just like installment plans in the 1920s, credit cards introduced in the 1950s encouraged consumers to purchase beyond their ____________.

Back 164

means

Front 165

After the years of depression and war, many Americans were searching for ____.

Back 165

security

Front 166

In the 1950s Americans placed the greatest value in ________.

Back 166

comfort and security

Front 167

Name given to the youth of the 1950s.

Back 167

"silent generation"

Front 168

In the 1950s they seemed to have little interest in the problems and crisis in the larger world.

Back 168

"silent generation"

Front 169

Members of the "Silent Generation" chose to pursue ________________.

Back 169

entertainment and fun

Front 170

The popularity of Billy Graham in the 1950s reflected a new interest in ___________.

Back 170

religion

Front 171

The renewed interest in religion in the 1950s was partially a response to the Cold War's struggle against ___________.

Back 171

"godless communism"

Front 172

In 1954 what words were added to the Pledge of Allegiance?

Back 172

"under God"

Front 173

In 1955 Congress required what phrase to appear on all American currency?

Back 173

"In God We Trust"

Front 174

Americans in the post-World War II years were keenly aware of the roles that they were expected to play as _____________.

Back 174

men and women

Front 175

Making important decisions, supporting their families financially, and going to school were all parts of _______________.

Back 175

men's roles during the 1950s

Front 176

During the 1950s most American women were expected to be ____________.

Back 176

full-time homemakers

Front 177

Were expected to manage the household by American society in the 1950s.

Back 177

women

Front 178

Pediatrician who wrote a highly influential book on child care.

Back 178

Benjamin Spock

Front 179

Pediatrician and child care advisor who believed women should stay at home with their children.

Back 179

Benjamin Spock

Front 180

Critics of Dr. Spock's child care advice believed it was too __________.

Back 180

permissive

Front 181

In spite of the traditional roles that were expected many of THEM had enjoyed working outside the home during WWII and were reluctant to give up their good jobs.

Back 181

women

Front 182

More of them held paying jobs in the 1950s than ever before.

Back 182

women

Front 183

The number of married women working outside of the home rose from _____________.

Back 183

24% in 1950 to 31% in 1960

Front 184

Author of The Feminine Mystique.

Back 184

Betty Friedan

Front 185

Woman's rights advocate who believed that the culture wrongfully forced women into staying at home and caring for children.

Back 185

Betty Friedan

Front 186

Films like "Rebel Without a Cause" and books like "The Catcher in the Rye," reflected the alienation of many of America's youth in the 1950s and their desire to resist the pressure to ______.

Back 186

conform

Front 187

Popular music combining elements of rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western music, and known for its strong beat and urgent lyrics.

Back 187

rock 'n' roll

Front 188

Gave young people in the 1950s a music style that they could call their own.

Back 188

Rock 'n' roll

Front 189

Disc jockey who first used the term rock 'n' roll to describe the new style of music emerging in the 1950s.

Back 189

Alan Freed

Front 190

Literary movement of the 1950s that rejected uniform middle-class culture and sought to overturn the sexual and social conservatism of the period.

Back 190

beat movement

Front 191

Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that promoted spontaneity over conformity.

Back 191

beatniks

Front 192

Counter-cultural group of the 1950s that rebelled against conformity and traditional social patterns.

Back 192

beatniks

Front 193

Considered the spiritual leader of the Beat Generation.

Back 193

Jack Kerouac

Front 194

Author of "On the Road."

Back 194

Jack Kerouac

Front 195

Another name for the Beat Generation.

Back 195

beatniks

Front 196

The resurgence of religion and the rise of rock-and-roll were examples of _____________.

Back 196

disparate trends in the 1950s

Front 197

The social and economic transition to peacetime after war.

Back 197

reconversion

Front 198

When the government lifted price controls after the war, prices rose _____________.

Back 198

faster than wages

Front 199

One of the greatest challenges that President Truman faced in reconverting to a peacetime economy was keeping _______________.

Back 199

inflation in check

Front 200

Although Truman agreed that workers deserved higher wages, he thought their demands were ______________.

Back 200

inflationary

Front 201

When a railroad strike disrupted the economy in 1946, President Truman attempted to _____.

Back 201

draft the striking workers into the army

Front 202

This law was passed by Congress in 1947 to restrict labor strikes that threatened the national interest.

Back 202

Taft-Hartley Act

Front 203

The Taft-Hartley Act was a piece of anti _____________________.

Back 203

labor legislation

Front 204

The Taft-Hartley Act was passed over Truman's ____.

Back 204

veto

Front 205

Truman's plan which extended Roosevelt's New Deal goals.

Back 205

The Fair Deal

Front 206

A higher minimum wage, national health insurance, and housing assistance were all parts of Truman's ________.

Back 206

Fair Deal goals

Front 207

In the 1946 mid-term elections Republicans won majorities in both ___________.

Back 207

houses of congress

Front 208

Area where Truman found opposition throughout his presidency.

Back 208

civil rights

Front 209

Truman attempted to make progress in civil rights but was consistently blocked by __________.

Back 209

congress

Front 210

Progress in the area of civil rights was made difficult because of the coalition between Republicans and _______.

Back 210

Southern Democrats

Front 211

He banned discrimination in the hiring of federal employees and ordered the armed forces to end segregation and discrimination.

Back 211

Harry Truman

Front 212

It did not appear that Harry Truman had much chance to win reelection in 1948 because he had lost support in his ____________.

Back 212

own party

Front 213

Southern segregationists split off from the Democratic party in 1948 forming the States' Rights or __________.

Back 213

Dixiecrat Party

Front 214

Dixiecrat Party nominee for the presidency in 1948.

Back 214

Strom Thurmond

Front 215

Truman also lost the support of the liberal wing of the Democratic party which supported Henry Wallace on the ticket of the ______.

Back 215

Progressive Party

Front 216

Truman's Republican opponent in 1948.

Back 216

Thomas Dewey

Front 217

Even though Truman won the election of 1948 and the Democrats won control of congress Truman had only occasional successes implementing his _____.

Back 217

Fair Deal goals

Front 218

Adopted in 1951, it limited the President to two terms in office.

Back 218

Twenty-second Amendment

Front 219

Democratic Candidate for President in 1952 & 1956.

Back 219

Adlai Stevenson

Front 220

President who was the former commander-in-chief of the Allied forces.

Back 220

Dwight Eisenhower

Front 221

Eisenhower's vice presidential running mate.

Back 221

Richard Nixon

Front 222

His formula for victory in the Presidential election of 1952 focused on: Korea, communism, and corruption.

Back 222

Dwight Eisenhower

Front 223

President Eisenhower's conservative approach to government.

Back 223

Modern Republicanism

Front 224

"dynamic conservatism"

Back 224

Modern Republicanism

Front 225

Cutting spending, reducing taxes, and balancing the budget.

Back 225

Modern Republicanism

Front 226

Eisenhower said he intended to be "conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to ___________."

Back 226

human beings

Front 227

Eisenhower endorsed a military strategy of relying on nuclear weapons, rather than more costly ______________.

Back 227

conventional armies

Front 228

Eisenhower and his administration supported _____.

Back 228

big business

Front 229

Because he favored big business President Eisenhower's domestic policy reflected his Republican predecessors _____________.

Back 229

Coolidge & Hoover

Front 230

The 1957 event that caused Congress to increase spending on teaching science and mathematics.

Back 230

launching of Sputnik

Front 231

Was an act designed to improve science and mathematics in schools.

Back 231

National Defense Education Act

Front 232

In response to Sputnik the U.S. government created an independent agency for space exploration ____.

Back 232

NASA

Front 233

NASA

Back 233

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Front 234

General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers who asked Jackie Robinson to be the first player to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.

Back 234

Branch Rickey

Front 235

First black player to break the color barrier and play major league baseball.

Back 235

Jackie Robinson

Front 236

Year that Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in the major leagues.

Back 236

1947

Front 237

African American Migration to northern cities, the New Deal, World War II, Rise of the NAACP.

Back 237

reasons for the accelerating demand for civil rights.

Front 238

After World War II the campaign for African American civil rights began to _______.

Back 238

accelerate

Front 239

In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson had established the _______________.

Back 239

"separate but equal" doctrine

Front 240

After World War II, the African American civil rights movement made few gains until _______.

Back 240

the 1960s

Front 241

Ordered an end to discrimination in the armed forces.

Back 241

President Truman

Front 242

Leader of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund "Mr. Civil Rights"

Back 242

Thurgood Marshall

Front 243

Lawyer who argued on behalf of Brown against segregation in America's schools.

Back 243

Thurgood Marshall

Front 244

Supreme Court ruling that declared the "separate but equal" doctrine to be unconstitutional.

Back 244

Brown v Board of Education

Front 245

Year of Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Back 245

1954

Front 246

In Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are _______________."

Back 246

inherently unequal

Front 247

Chief Justice influential in the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Back 247

Earl Warren

Front 248

A year after the "Brown decision" the Court ruled that local school boards should move to desegregate "with __________."

Back 248

all deliberate speed

Front 249

The "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, resulted in many southern whites responding with fear and angry ______.

Back 249

resistance

Front 250

Southern congressmen claimed that there was "no legal basis" for the "Brown decision" and the court order to desegregate, that it violated states' rights and was an example of "judicial usurpation."

Back 250

"Southern Manifesto"

Front 251

Bringing together of races.

Back 251

integration

Front 252

When she refused to give up her seat to a white man, she was seized by the police and ordered to stand trial sparking the Montgomery Bus boycott.

Back 252

Rosa Parks

Front 253

Boycott aimed at forcing the bus company to change its policy of segregated seating on buses.

Back 253

Montgomery bus boycott

Front 254

Event that introduced a new generation of African American leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr.

Back 254

Montgomery bus boycott

Front 255

The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December of 1955 to December of _______.

Back 255

1956

Front 256

Even though the Montgomery bus company refused to change its policies the boycott did result in a Supreme Court decision declaring bus segregation _____________.

Back 256

unconstitutional

Front 257

When nine African American students attempted to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas this governor used the National Guard to prevent them from attending.

Back 257

Orval Faubus

Front 258

Although HE was not in favor of integration, he did believe Governor Faubus actions were a violation of the Constitution and a challenge to his authority.

Back 258

President Eisenhower

Front 259

President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne to protect the Little Rock Nine as they desegregated the school. He also nationalized the Arkansas National Guard placing them under ______.

Back 259

his Authority

Front 260

When the 101st Airborne left Little Rock, and only the National Guard remained to protect the Little Rock Nine, they were constantly subjected to ____________.

Back 260

verbal and physical abuse

Front 261

Year Eisenhower used the 101st Airborne and the National Guard to enforce school integration, in Littlerock, Arkansas.

Back 261

1957

Front 262

Eisenhower said his actions in Little Rock, Arkansas were necessary to defend the authority of the ____.

Back 262

Supreme Court

Front 263

Mexican American reform groups such as the Community Service Organization and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) sought change through ________.

Back 263

peaceful protest

Front 264

Federal government policy adopted in 1953, which sought to eliminate reservations altogether and to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream culture.

Back 264

"termination"

Front 265

The policy of "termination" met resistance, and was discarded, but THEIR problems of poverty, discrimination, and little real political representation remained.

Back 265

Native Americans

Front 266

In the 1920s and 1930s this group had success in challenging segregation laws.

Back 266

NAACP

Front 267

NAACP

Back 267

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Front 268

Critics charged that IT was out of touch with the basic issues of economic survival faced by many poorer African Americans.

Back 268

NAACP

Front 269

This group helped African American newcomers, to large cities, find homes and jobs.

Back 269

National Urban League

Front 270

Civil rights organization founded by pacifists in 1942 and dedicated to effecting change through peaceful confrontation.

Back 270

CORE

Front 271

CORE

Back 271

Congress of Racial Equality

Front 272

Organized the first sit-in, in 1943, at a restaurant called the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.

Back 272

CORE

Front 273

Founder and President of CORE from 1942 to 1966, turned it into a national organization.

Back 273

James Farmer

Front 274

It was founded by pacifists and directed by James Farmer.

Back 274

CORE

Front 275

CORE pursued its goals through ________.

Back 275

peaceful confrontation

Front 276

Civil Rights organization founded by African American ministers in 1957.

Back 276

SCLC

Front 277

SCLC

Back 277

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Front 278

In 1957 Martin Luther King Jr., and other ministers founded the ___________.

Back 278

SCLC

Front 279

The SCLC and CORE were similar in that they both promoted _____.

Back 279

nonviolent protest

Front 280

Group that shifted the focus of the civil rights movement from the North to the South.

Back 280

SCLC

Front 281

Method used by Martin Luther King, Jr., and other members of the SCLC, to achieve victory in the struggle for Civil Rights.

Back 281

nonviolent protest

Front 282

Individual who influenced Martin Luther King, Jr., to believe in nonviolent protest.

Back 282

Gandhi

Front 283

SCLC taught its nonviolent protesters not to resist even when ________.

Back 283

attacked

Front 284

King followed Gandhi's teaching that those who fight for justice must peacefully refuse to obey ____.

Back 284

unjust laws

Front 285

SCLC's 17 rules for maintaining a nonviolent approach instructed "If another person is being molested do not rise to go to his defense, but __________."

Back 285

pray for the oppressor….

Front 286

Gave young African Americans a greater voice in the civil rights movement.

Back 286

SNCC

Front 287

SNCC

Back 287

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Front 288

SNCC was formed to enable students to make their own decisions about ___________.

Back 288

priorities and tactics

Front 289

Group that entrusted decisions about priorities and tactics to young activists.

Back 289

SNCC

Front 290

As director of the SNCC's Mississippi Project, HE traveled to the South to try to register black voters.

Back 290

Robert Moses

Front 291

Fourteen-year-old boy, from Chicago, who was murdered in Mississippi, in 1955, supposedly because he whistled at a white woman.

Back 291

Emmett Till

Front 292

His murder was noted as one of the leading events that motivated the American Civil Rights Movement.

Back 292

Emmett Till

Front 293

Protest technique in which African Americans occupied a segregated establishment and demanded service.

Back 293

sit-in

Front 294

Were used to protest against segregation at lunch counters.

Back 294

sit-ins

Front 295

Technique used by civil rights activists to force segregated establishments to serve African Americans.

Back 295

sit-in

Front 296

The sit-in at a Woolworth's in this town in 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South.

Back 296

Greensboro, North Carolina

Front 297

Participants in sit-ins were often harassed and forced to spend time in ___.

Back 297

jail

Front 298

In 1960 in Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court expanded and earlier ban on segregation, on interstate buses, to include __________.

Back 298

bus terminals

Front 299

Organized by CORE, with the aid of SNCC, these were designed to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling, integrating bus terminals.

Back 299

Freedom Rides

Front 300

Civil Rights activists used interstate buses to protest segregation at terminals.

Back 300

Freedom Rides

Front 301

The Freedom Riders encountered violent resistance in the state of ______.

Back 301

Alabama

Front 302

This group of protestors received federal protection after being violently attacked in Alabama.

Back 302

Freedom Riders

Front 303

The first Freedom Ride died out in Jackson, Mississippi when the riders, and volunteers to replace them, were all ___.

Back 303

arrested

Front 304

Advanced the cause of civil rights by attempting to enroll at Ole Miss.

Back 304

James Meredith

Front 305

When a riot broke out over James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi HE sent army troops to restore order and protect Meredith.

Back 305

President Kennedy

Front 306

Martin Luther King, Jr., targeted THIS CITY, for demonstrations because he believed it to be the most segregated city in the country.

Back 306

Birmingham, Alabama

Front 307

When a court order directed the protestors in Birmingham to cease demonstrations, King decided to disobey the order and set an example of ___.

Back 307

civil disobedience

Front 308

Police commissioner of Birmingham who arrested King and other demonstrators.

Back 308

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Front 309

Wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."

Back 309

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Front 310

After being released from jail in Birmingham King decided to include THEM in the campaign.

Back 310

young people

Front 311

He arrested over 900 young people as they marched in Birmingham and used fire hoses and dogs on the protestors.

Back 311

"Bull" Connor

Front 312

When they watched the brutal tactics used by police against protestors in Birmingham, Alabama, on TV., even the ______________.

Back 312

opponents of civil rights were appalled

Front 313

Most Americans were angered by the treatment of demonstrators by the ________.

Back 313

Birmingham police

Front 314

The Birmingham protests led to the __________.

Back 314

desegregation of the city facilities

Front 315

The success at Birmingham proved the effectiveness of ____________.

Back 315

nonviolent protest

Front 316

He moved slowly at first on civil rights issues, to avoid offending southern Democratic senators, whose votes he needed on other issues.

Back 316

President Kennedy

Front 317

Civil Rights violence was an embarrassment for President Kennedy, when he met with other ______.

Back 317

world leaders

Front 318

Just hours after the broadcast of President Kennedy's speech for civil rights, this civil rights leader was gunned down.

Back 318

Medgar Evers

Front 319

Kennedy was prompted to propose a strong civil rights bill by the ____________.

Back 319

brutality against African Americans in Birmingham

Front 320

When civil rights leaders planned a march on Washington, to support his civil rights bill, Kennedy feared it would alienate congress and cause racial violence, but when he could not persuade organizers to call it off he ___________.

Back 320

gave it his support

Front 321

In August 1963, more than 200,000 people joined this demonstration to focus attention on Kennedy's civil rights bill.

Back 321

March on Washington

Front 322

Participants in this demonstration hoped to convince congress to pass civil rights legislation in 1963.

Back 322

March on Washington

Front 323

Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I have a Dream" speech was given at the ____________.

Back 323

March on Washington

Front 324

Was the highlight of the March on Washington.

Back 324

"I Have a Dream" speech

Front 325

Three months after the March on Washington President Kennedy ___________.

Back 325

was assassinated

Front 326

Was used by members of the Senate to prevent the Civil Rights bill of 1964 from coming to a vote.

Back 326

filibuster

Front 327

Enlisted the help of HIS former colleague, Republican minority leader Everett Dirksen, to invoke the cloture rule and end the filibuster against the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.

Back 327

President Johnson

Front 328

Was used to end the filibuster that was blocking the Civil Rights Bill of 1964.

Back 328

Cloture

Front 329

Landmark law, that outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations.

Back 329

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Front 330

Legislation that banned discrimination in all public facilities.

Back 330

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Front 331

After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the main emphasis of the Civil Rights movement became ensuring African Americans the right to _____.

Back 331

vote

Front 332

A campaign in the summer of 1964 to register blacks to vote in Mississippi, also set up freedom schools and freedom houses.

Back 332

Freedom Summer

Front 333

This project that was opposed by the NAACP and barely accepted by the SCLC, was organized by COFO and SNCC.

Back 333

Freedom Summer

Front 334

COFO a coalition of established civil rights organizations stands for ___.

Back 334

Council of Federated Organizations

Front 335

SNCC field secretary and co-director of COFO, directed Freedom Summer.

Back 335

Robert Moses

Front 336

During Freedom Summer James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were ____.

Back 336

murdered

Front 337

When the forces of white supremacy continued to block black voter registration, the Freedom Summer Project switched to building the ________.

Back 337

MFDP

Front 338

MFDP

Back 338

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Front 339

Members of the MFDP went to the Democratic National Convention in the summer of 1964, hoping to be seated in the convention instead of delegates of the regular democratic Mississippi party, which had prevented blacks from ___.

Back 339

registering to vote

Front 340

Lyndon B. Johnson feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign, so he prevented the MFDP from replacing the _______.

Back 340

regular Mississippi democratic delegation

Front 341

The goal of this demonstration was to get voting rights legislation passed.

Back 341

The Selma March

Front 342

Freedom Summer and the Selma March both drew attention to African Americans' lack of ____.

Back 342

voting rights

Front 343

Argued that Congress should support voting rights because they were guaranteed by the Constitution, and congressional members had sworn to uphold the constitution.

Back 343

President Johnson

Front 344

Argued that voting rights were not a "states rights" issue but a "human rights" issue.

Back 344

President Johnson

Front 345

Says that no person shall be kept from voting because of his race or color.

Back 345

the Constitution

Front 346

President Johnson argued that Congress must support voting rights because those rights are guaranteed in the ______________.

Back 346

Constitution

Front 347

Allowed federal official to ensure that blacks were not prevented from registering to vote, and effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers to blacks voting.

Back 347

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 348

Legislation that enabled more African Americans to register to vote.

Back 348

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 349

This piece of legislation resulted in many African Americans being elected at all levels of government.

Back 349

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 350

Many of the goals of the Civil Rights movement were not met, but after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, thousands of African Americans could _____.

Back 350

vote for the first time

Front 351

Two landmark civil rights laws passed during the Johnson presidency.

Back 351

Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965

Front 352

African American group, founded by Elijah Muhammad, that preached black separation and self-help.

Back 352

Nation of Islam

Front 353

Group of Black Muslims who preached black separation and self-help.

Back 353

Nation of Islam

Front 354

Elijah Muhammad taught that white society was ___.

Back 354

evil

Front 355

Unlike the early civil rights leaders, HE believed strongly that the races should be separated.

Back 355

Malcolm X

Front 356

While in prison he was converted to the Nation of Islam and came to believe in black separatism.

Back 356

Malcolm X

Front 357

Came into conflict with Elijah Muhammad, and while on a pilgrimage to Mecca he changed his views, rejecting the belief in black separatism and his hatred of whites.

Back 357

Malcolm X

Front 358

Nine months after Malcolm X came to reject the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and came to accept an Islam that was open to all people, he was ____________.

Back 358

Assassinated

Front 359

The idea that African Americans should unite, take pride in their heritage, and control their own organizations.

Back 359

black power

Front 360

SNCC leader who called on African Americans to support black power.

Back 360

Stokely Carmichael

Front 361

Idea that African Americans should take charge of their communities.

Back 361

black power

Front 362

This movement taught that African Americans should separate from white society and lead their own communities.

Back 362

black power

Front 363

Under his leadership SNCC became increasingly militant.

Back 363

Stokely Carmichael

Front 364

Militant Black Nationalist group, formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton.

Back 364

Black Panthers

Front 365

Black Separatism is also called ___.

Back 365

Black Nationalism

Front 366

Black power group, that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities.

Back 366

Black Panthers

Front 367

Black power gave rise to the slogan _________.

Back 367

"Black is beautiful"

Front 368

The black power movement led to a serious split in the ____.

Back 368

Civil Rights movement

Front 369

The civil rights movement was split between those who favored militant black nationalism and separatism, and those who favored ______.

Back 369

peaceful desegregation

Front 370

His writings warned Americans that African Americans were angry and tired of waiting.

Back 370

James Baldwin

Front 371

He wrote about the violent consequences of segregation.

Back 371

James Baldwin

Front 372

Rigid pattern of separation, dictated by law in the South, prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Back 372

de jure segregation

Front 373

Actual, as opposed to legal, separation of whites and African Americans.

Back 373

de facto segregation

Front 374

Racial separation imposed by poverty and ghetto conditions.

Back 374

de facto segregation

Front 375

De facto segregation and poverty in black communities, in large cities, led to a series of ____.

Back 375

riots from 1964 to 1968.

Front 376

They were an explosion of anger that had been smoldering in the inner-city ghettos.

Back 376

riots

Front 377

Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated in what year?

Back 377

1968

Front 378

His assassination eroded faith in the idea of nonviolent change.

Back 378

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Front 379

Robert Kennedy's assassination ended many people's hopes for an inspirational leader who could heal the _____.

Back 379

nation's wounds

Front 380

Rose by 88% between 1970 & 1975.

Back 380

elected African American officials

Front 381

Making segregation illegal, opening the political process to more African Americans, & giving African Americans a new sense of pride.

Back 381

accomplishments of the civil rights movement

Front 382

In spite of the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still existed both economically and politically between _______.

Back 382

blacks and whites

Front 383

Prior to Kennedy's election and during the early 1960s the American economy was _____________.

Back 383

sluggish, with low GNP growth

Front 384

During the 1960 presidential campaign, HE promised to get the American economy moving again.

Back 384

John F. Kennedy

Front 385

Kennedy appeared to be more polished than Nixon when the two appeared on the first televised _____.

Back 385

presidential debates

Front 386

Some people questioned if Kennedy was ready to be president because of his _____.

Back 386

age

Front 387

John Kennedy was the first person of this faith to be elected President.

Back 387

Roman Catholic

Front 388

Won the 1960 presidential election by a very slim margin.

Back 388

John F. Kennedy

Front 389

Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election was ____________.

Back 389

narrow

Front 390

Kennedy inspired a generation of young people by asking them to put patriotism before ___.

Back 390

personal interest

Front 391

Kennedy's program became known as the ______.

Back 391

New Frontier

Front 392

Kennedy proposed cutting taxes to end the continuing __________.

Back 392

recession

Front 393

In his first two years as president Kennedy, hoped to help the poor by _____.

Back 393

stimulating the economy

Front 394

In a book titled "The Other America" Michael Harrington revealed that one fifth of the American population lived below the _____.

Back 394

poverty line

Front 395

After the first two years of his presidency Kennedy became convinced that the poor needed direct ____.

Back 395

federal aid

Front 396

In domestic affairs, Kennedy rarely succeeded in pushing _____________.

Back 396

legislation through congress

Front 397

Kennedy's lack of success with his domestic policies was largely due to his lack of support in ____.

Back 397

congress

Front 398

Cutting taxes, providing aid to the poor, and promoting the space program were all parts of Kennedy's ______.

Back 398

New Frontier

Front 399

The economy, poverty, and the space program were all addressed by Kennedy's __________.

Back 399

New Frontier

Front 400

In 1961, President Kennedy committed NASA and the nation to the goal of _________.

Back 400

landing a man on the moon within the decade

Front 401

On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was ___.

Back 401

assassinated

Front 402

Declared that Kennedy's assassination was the work of a lone assassin.

Back 402

The Warren Commission

Front 403

The Warren Commission had decided that Kennedy had been assassinated by ___________.

Back 403

one man who worked alone

Front 404

As a senator, this President was famed for his ability to accomplish his political goals.

Back 404

Lyndon Johnson

Front 405

Included major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare (especially for the elderly & the poor), voting rights, conservation and beautification projects, urban renewal, and economic development in depressed areas.

Back 405

Johnson's Great Society

Front 406

After the 1964 election President Johnson, unlike Kennedy after the 1960 election, had a ________.

Back 406

strong mandate

Front 407

Part of the reason for Johnson's landslide victory in 1964 was Goldwater's __________.

Back 407

radical views

Front 408

Healthcare legislation was a major part of President's Johnson's program known as the ______.

Back 408

Great Society

Front 409

This program of President Johnson won passage of several of Kennedy's New Frontier goals and added to them.

Back 409

the Great Society

Front 410

Like Kennedy, Johnson believed that budget deficits could be used to stimulate the economy, but to get support for his tax cuts he had to also agree to cut _____.

Back 410

government spending

Front 411

What did President Johnson get congress to pass that actually caused the GNP to rise?

Back 411

tax-cuts

Front 412

Some people feared that Johnson's tax-cuts would cause the deficit to rise, but because of the increased GNP, tax revenues actually went up and the deficit ______.

Back 412

shrank

Front 413

Increased expenditures on public welfare programs from 1965 to 1975.

Back 413

Johnson's "War on Poverty"

Front 414

In 1964 President Johnson launched the "War on ___."

Back 414

Poverty

Front 415

Provided low-cost health insurance for poor Americans of any age who could not afford their own private health insurance.

Back 415

Medicaid

Front 416

Provided hospital and low-cost medical insurance for most Americans age 65 and older.

Back 416

Medicare

Front 417

was intended to eliminate quotas restricting immigration from certain countries.

Back 417

Immigration Act of 1965

Front 418

Under this Chief Justice the Supreme court passed several important decisions protecting the constitutional rights of citizens accused of crimes.

Back 418

Earl Warren

Front 419

Required that suspects be informed of their rights.

Back 419

Miranda Rule

Front 420

Ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in trial.

Back 420

Supreme Court

Front 421

The way seats of a legislative body are distributed among electoral districts.

Back 421

apportionment

Front 422

Supreme court decisions on apportionment ruled that electoral districts had to be based on "_____."

Back 422

one person one vote

Front 423

Supreme court case that declared that congressional districts had to be apportioned on the basis of one person, one vote.

Back 423

Baker vs.. Carr

Front 424

Erupted in poor areas of major cities from 1965 to 1968.

Back 424

race riots

Front 425

In response to the Great Society, some Americans complained that too many of their tax dollars were being spent on ______.

Back 425

poor people

Front 426

Ever since the Great Society, people have argued as to whether or not antipoverty programs have helped the poor or have encouraged them to become ___.

Back 426

dependent upon government

Front 427

Critics of the Great Society believed it gave too much power to the ___________.

Back 427

federal government

Front 428

Johnson's Great Society did cut the number of people living below the poverty line in _____.

Back 428

half

Front 429

LBJ's inability to contain this conflict undermined and finally ended the Great Society.

Back 429

Vietnam

Front 430

Stopping the spread of communism was the guiding principle behind the foreign policies of both _______________.

Back 430

President Kennedy & President Johnson

Front 431

A failed attempt by U.S. backed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government.

Back 431

Bay of Pigs invasion

Front 432

When Kennedy's advisors urged him to provide air cover to the Cuban exiles attacking at the Bay of Pigs he ______.

Back 432

refused

Front 433

When the Soviets sought a treaty to make the division of Berlin permanent in an attempt to stop the flow of East Germans escaping to West Germany, Kennedy feared it was part of a larger effort to take over the ________.

Back 433

rest of Europe

Front 434

President Kennedy asked for huge increases in military spending because he was afraid that the Soviet Union would ___________.

Back 434

take over Europe

Front 435

After Kennedy authorized a military buildup to show that the U.S. would not be bullied by the Soviet Union, the Soviets began ____________.

Back 435

construction of the Berlin Wall

Front 436

The Soviets built IT in order to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.

Back 436

Berlin Wall

Front 437

Standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that could have led to nuclear war.

Back 437

Cuban Missile Crisis

Front 438

By positioning missiles on Cuban soil, the Soviets provoked Kennedy to ______________.

Back 438

quarantine Cuba

Front 439

As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviets ________.

Back 439

removed their missiles from Cuba.

Front 440

When the Cuban Missile Crisis was over, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a _______ between their two nations.

Back 440

"hot line"

Front 441

An agreement between Kennedy, Khrushchev and Great Britain that was the first nuclear treaty since the development of the Atomic Bomb.

Back 441

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Front 442

Banned nuclear testing above the ground.

Back 442

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Front 443

Kennedy believed he could encourage stability in Latin America by promoting _________.

Back 443

economic stability

Front 444

Cooperative effort to produce economic and social reform in the Western Hemisphere.

Back 444

Alliance for Progress

Front 445

Was established by Kennedy to discourage the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere.

Back 445

The Alliance for Progress

Front 446

Program in which volunteers served in developing nations.

Back 446

Peace Corps

Front 447

This group of volunteers initiated by Kennedy worked to raise the standard of living in poor areas.

Back 447

Peace Corps

Front 448

Johnson sent Marines to this Latin American country in 1965 in order to protect American citizens.

Back 448

Dominican Republic

Front 449

Like Kennedy, Johnson was determined to stop the spread of Communism in ______.

Back 449

Vietnam

Front 450

Movement that pushed for the absolute equality of men and women.

Back 450

feminism

Front 451

The feminist movement of the 1960s was the ____.

Back 451

women's movement

Front 452

The women's movement of the 1960s grew out of women's frustration with various forms of __.

Back 452

job discrimination

Front 453

Borrowed legal tools and inspiration from the civil rights movement.

Back 453

women's movement

Front 454

As a result of their experience in the civil rights movement, many women learned the importance of taking advantage of ________.

Back 454

legal tools

Front 455

Author of The Feminine Mystique.

Back 455

Betty Friedan

Front 456

To explore important issues, women formed consciousness-raising _____________.

Back 456

support groups

Front 457

A group of activists who wanted to bring women into the mainstream quickly.

Back 457

National Organization of Women (NOW)

Front 458

Founder of Ms. Magazine, a new magazine for women.

Back 458

Gloria Steinem

Front 459

The change in women's career goals was a result of the change in attitudes produced by the ____.

Back 459

women's movement

Front 460

The Supreme Court case that legalized abortion.

Back 460

Roe vs. Wade

Front 461

"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

Back 461

Equal Rights Amendment

Front 462

This Amendment passed Congress in 1972 but failed in the ratification process.

Back 462

Equal Rights Amendment

Front 463

Law that would make discrimination based on a person's gender illegal.

Back 463

Equal Rights Amendment

Front 464

The equal rights amendment did not become law because it was not __________.

Back 464

ratified by the states

Front 465

Many of the women who rejected the women's movement did so because they preferred _____.

Back 465

traditional roles

Front 466

Conservative political activist who opposed the women's movement.

Back 466

Phyllis Schafly

Front 467

Felt undervalued by the women's movement, disapproved of feminists' goals, and opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.

Back 467

women who preferred the traditional role of homemaking

Front 468

Person whose family origins are in Spanish-speaking Latin America.

Back 468

Latino

Front 469

Latinos in the US come from different countries but generally speak the ____________.

Back 469

same language

Front 470

Person who moves from farm to farm planting and harvesting crops.

Back 470

migrant farm worker

Front 471

Group founded by Cesar Chavez to organize Mexican farm workers.

Back 471

United Farm Workers (UFW)

Front 472

Co-founder of the United Farm Workers.

Back 472

Cesar Chavez

Front 473

A nationwide consumer boycott was a successful strategy used by _______.

Back 473

Cesar Chavez

Front 474

Jobs, education, and legal matters, were all areas where, in the 1960s, Mexican Americans fought ___.

Back 474

discrimination

Front 475

Led the political party La Raza Unida.

Back 475

Jose Angel Gutierrez

Front 476

La Raza Unida was an organization that represented Latino ___________.

Back 476

political interests

Front 477

Group that worked for compensation for Japanese Americans interned during World War II.

Back 477

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Front 478

Group that spoke out against Japanese American property losses during their wartime internment.

Back 478

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Front 479

During the 1960s and 1970, Asian Americans made economic gains but continued to face

Back 479

discrimination

Front 480

Dennis Banks and George Mitchell were active in the American _______.

Back 480

Indian movement

Front 481

Dennis Banks and George Mitchell focused on the problems for Native Americans living in _____.

Back 481

cities

Front 482

Dennis Banks and George Mitchell fought for legal rights for ______.

Back 482

Native Americans

Front 483

Chippewa activist and member of the American Indian Movement.

Back 483

Dennis Banks

Front 484

Group that fought for Native American treaty rights and self-government.

Back 484

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Front 485

Restoration of lands illegally taken, autonomy of native Americans, and control of natural resources were all goals of the _.

Back 485

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Front 486

Group that valued youth, spontaneity, and individuality.

Back 486

counterculture or hippies

Front 487

Name for members of the counterculture.

Back 487

hippie

Front 488

Promoted peace, love, and freedom.

Back 488

hippies

Front 489

By rejecting conventional customs, the counterculture (hippies) drew on the example of the ____.

Back 489

Beat Generation

Front 490

Many female hippies chose to wear ____.

Back 490

loose-fitting dresses

Front 491

Cultural changes in the 1960s led to more open discussion of ______.

Back 491

sex

Front 492

People who lived in communal groups rejected traditional ______________.

Back 492

marriage

Front 493

Many young people sought to escape from reality by ____________.

Back 493

using drugs

Front 494

The most serious danger posed by abuse of drugs.

Back 494

overdosing

Front 495

Growing long hair and wearing nontraditional clothes were both parts of the 1960s ________.

Back 495

counterculture

Front 496

The increase of the student population of the 1960s was largely the result of the _____.

Back 496

"baby boom"

Front 497

Popular 1960s rock music group.

Back 497

the Beatles

Front 498

In the 1960s the Beatles performed a new kind of ___.

Back 498

rock music

Front 499

Social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, centered in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, included psychoactive drug use, sexual freedom, and creative expression.

Back 499

Summer of Love

Front 500

400,000 people gathered for a peaceful concert of major rock bands in the summer of 1969.

Back 500

Woodstock

Front 501

What shocked most Americans about Woodstock was the amount of __________.

Back 501

drugs & sex

Front 502

Most hippies were children of the comfortable ____.

Back 502

middle class

Front 503

When the counterculture fell apart, most hippies melted right back into the _______.

Back 503

mainstream

Front 504

The use of harmful chemicals such as DDT was exposed by the book ________.

Back 504

Silent Spring

Front 505

Author of a book detailing the effects of pesticides on the environment.

Back 505

Rachel Carson

Front 506

Rachel Carson published a book in 1962 that started the _____________________.

Back 506

environmental movement

Front 507

A major theme of this book was that humans are part of nature, and all parts of nature interact.

Back 507

Silent Spring

Front 508

Radioactivity being released into the air was the greatest threat posed by _____.

Back 508

Nuclear power plants

Front 509

Worked to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants.

Back 509

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Front 510

Senator from Wisconsin who helped organize the first national Earth Day.

Back 510

Gaylord Nelson

Front 511

In response to environmental activists the government created the ________.

Back 511

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Front 512

Combined federal agencies concerned with air and water pollution.

Back 512

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Front 513

Enforced national pollution control standards

Back 513

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Front 514

Controlled pollutions caused by industry and car emissions.

Back 514

Clean Air Act

Front 515

Regulated wastewater discharges.

Back 515

Clean Water Act

Front 516

In Alaska during the 1970s, the federal government attempted to balance _____.

Back 516

jobs and the environment

Front 517

Man most responsible for the development of the consumer movement of the 1960s.

Back 517

Ralph Nader

Front 518

Wrote a government report exposing the hazards of the automobile.

Back 518

Ralph Nader

Front 519

The passage of automobile safety legislation was the result of a __________.

Back 519

government report

Front 520

Conquered Indochina in the 1800s and controlled it until it was overrun by Japan in WWII.

Back 520

French

Front 521

During WWII the Japanese faced stiff resistance in Indochina (especially in Vietnam) from _______.

Back 521

guerrillas

Front 522

Small groups of loosely organized soldiers who make surprise raids.

Back 522

guerrillas

Front 523

After the Japanese were defeated they set out to re-establish authority in Indochina.

Back 523

French

Front 524

League for the Independence of Vietnam.

Back 524

Vietminh

Front 525

Leader of the Vietminh.

Back 525

Ho Chi Minh

Front 526

Ho Chi Minh was both a nationalist and a ______.

Back 526

communist

Front 527

Vietnamese victory over the French in 1954 that convinced the French to leave Vietnam

Back 527

Dien Bien Phu

Front 528

After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the _______.

Back 528

Cold War

Front 529

After Dien Bien Phu representatives of Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai, Cambodia, Laos, France, the U.S., the Soviet Union, China, and Britain arranged a peace settlement.

Back 529

Geneva Accords

Front 530

As a result of the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was _____.

Back 530

divided

Front 531

After Vietnam was divided, Ho Chi Minh's communists controlled North Vietnam and South Vietnam was controlled by noncommunists led by

Back 531

Ngo Dinh Diem

Front 532

Ngo Dinh Diem and the South Vietnamese were supported by the ______.

Back 532

United States

Front 533

The agreement to divide Vietnam included an agreement to hold elections to reunite Vietnam, these elections were never held because _______.

Back 533

Diem and the U.S. feared the communists would win

Front 534

The majority of South Vietnamese actually supported ___________.

Back 534

Ho Chi Minh

Front 535

Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese favored ___.

Back 535

South Vietnam

Front 536

The U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem's regime because they feared the _________.

Back 536

spread of communism

Front 537

Ngo Dinh Diem's dictatorial regime alienated many Vietnamese because of its __________.

Back 537

corruption and brutal tactics

Front 538

Many Vietnamese believed South Vietnam was under the foreign domination of the ____.

Back 538

U.S.

Front 539

By the early 1960s many South Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters, with the support of North Vietnam were fighting against the ____.

Back 539

South Vietnamese forces

Front 540

The fear that if one nation falls to communism, its neighbors will soon follow.

Back 540

domino theory

Front 541

Theory or principle, described by President Eisenhower, that became associated with U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia.

Back 541

domino theory

Front 542

The U.S. got involved in the Vietnam War out of fear that the __________.

Back 542

communists would take over

Front 543

President Eisenhower pledged his support to South Vietnams' Diem and by 1960 about 675 U.S. _____________.

Back 543

military advisors were in Vietnam

Front 544

President Kennedy supported the government of Ngo Dinh Diem because he feared

Back 544

communists would take over

Front 545

His policy in Vietnam was to increase the number of military advisors.

Back 545

President Kennedy

Front 546

Diem increased the opposition to his government by forcing Buddhist to obey ______.

Back 546

Catholic laws

Front 547

When monks burned themselves to death, in opposition to Diem's rule, the U.S. encouraged the South Vietnamese military to

Back 547

overthrow Diem

Front 548

Military leaders in South Vietnam overthrew HIM because he lost American support.

Back 548

Ngo Dinh Diem

Front 549

Diem's successors were not popular and were not successful in fighting the ______.

Back 549

Viet Cong

Front 550

National Liberation Front, the South Vietnamese communist rebels trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.

Back 550

Viet Cong

Front 551

Ho Chi Minh determined to unite Vietnam supported the _____.

Back 551

Viet Cong

Front 552

Communist guerrillas who fought to gain control of South Vietnam.

Back 552

Viet Cong

Front 553

President Johnson's objective in Vietnam.

Back 553

Prevent a communist takeover

Front 554

The first attack on an American destroyer by the North Vietnamese, was provoked by a South Vietnamese raid on the North, the second attack didn't actually happen, it was only a false sonar reading.

Back 554

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Front 555

Claimed that both the first attack in the Gulf of Tonkin and the second (which didn't happen) were both unprovoked.

Back 555

President Lyndon Johnson

Front 556

Used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to get congress to authorize his enormous escalation of U.S. forces in Vietnam.

Back 556

President Lyndon Johnson

Front 557

In August of 1964 IT was passed by Congress, giving President Johnson the authority to use whatever force he thought necessary in Vietnam.

Back 557

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Front 558

Number of U.S. men sent to Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.

Back 558

2.5 million

Front 559

A large percentage of the men who served in Vietnam and often as high as two thirds of the men who served in combat were______.

Back 559

drafted

Front 560

About 80% of the soldiers who served in Vietnam came from the ______.

Back 560

working and lower classes

Front 561

U.S. Soldiers in Vietnam were generally not trying to take more territory, their primary objective was to increase the _______.

Back 561

body count

Front 562

Because they came from Vietnamese peasants, the U.S. soldiers had a great deal of difficulty finding and identifying the

Back 562

Viet Cong

Front 563

Because many Vietnamese villagers gave refuge to the Viet Cong, the villages themselves sometimes became

Back 563

military targets

Front 564

Though the Viet Cong lacked the sophisticated equipment of the U.S., they were highly effective at

Back 564

guerrilla war tactics

Front 565

An elaborate tunnel system was one advantage of the _________.

Back 565

Viet Cong

Front 566

Sniper fire and booby traps (including land mines) were techniques used by the _____.

Back 566

Viet Cong

Front 567

When American soldiers discovered that many South Vietnamese people did not appreciate their efforts, they were

Back 567

confused

Front 568

This technique used by Americans to destroy roads and bridges, hurt civilians in both North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

Back 568

saturation bombing

Front 569

In fighting the North Vietnamese, US. Forces used the technique of _______.

Back 569

saturation bombing

Front 570

Using B-52 bombers to drop thousands of tons of explosives over large areas.

Back 570

saturation bombing

Front 571

Many of the bombs dropped, in saturation bombing, threw pieces of their thick metal casings in all directions.

Back 571

fragmentation bombs

Front 572

Were used to expose Viet Cong hiding places.

Back 572

herbicides

Front 573

Most infamous herbicide used by the U.S. in Vietnam.

Back 573

Agent Orange

Front 574

Destructive chemical weapon used by Americans in Vietnam. Dropped from airplanes it splattered and burned uncontrollably.

Back 574

napalm

Front 575

After winning reelection in 1964, President Johnson began a gradual ______.

Back 575

escalation of the Vietnam War.

Front 576

When the Viet Cong attacked Pleiku, within South Vietnam, and killed 8 Americans in 1965, President Johnson responded by authorizing the _______.

Back 576

bombing of North Vietnam

Front 577

Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam.

Back 577

General William Westmorland

Front 578

Relentless bombing campaign against North Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.

Back 578

Operation Rolling Thunder

Front 579

Those who opposed the Vietnam war in the U.S.

Back 579

doves

Front 580

Those who favored the Vietnam war in the U.S.

Back 580

hawks

Front 581

Troops and supplies poured into South Vietnam from the North, via THIS supply route that passed through Laos and Cambodia.

Back 581

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Front 582

A coordinated attack against cities and bases in South Vietnam, by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese in 1968.

Back 582

Tet Offensive

Front 583

Converted many Americans to the view that the Vietnam war could not be won.

Back 583

Tet Offensive

Front 584

Incident in which American troops killed from 175 to 400 Vietnamese villagers.

Back 584

My Lai massacre

Front 585

The brutality of American soldiers who killed Vietnamese villagers during this massacre shocked many Americans.

Back 585

My Lai massacre

Front 586

Officer in charge of the My Lai massacre.

Back 586

William Calley

Front 587

The heroics of an American helicopter crew prevented the My Lai massacre death toll from ____.

Back 587

being greater

Front 588

Pilot who along with his crew prevented the My Lai Massacre from being worse.

Back 588

Hugh Thompson

Front 589

Post World War II prosperity gave many young people of the 1960s freedom and opportunities unknown to previous _________________.

Back 589

generations

Front 590

In the early 1960s the generation gap ____.

Back 590

widened

Front 591

The student protest movement of the 1960s emerged from the ________.

Back 591

civil rights movement

Front 592

Organized by civil rights activists, it issued the Port Huron Statement and was influential in the formation of the "New Left."

Back 592

Students for a Democratic Society

Front 593

Written primarily by Tom Hayden it claimed "we would replace power rooted in possession, privilege, or circumstance by power and uniqueness rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason, and creativity."

Back 593

Port Huron Statement

Front 594

The SDS called for power to be rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason and creativity.

Back 594

Port Huron Statement

Front 595

Political movement which believed that problems of racism and poverty, called for radical changes in American society.

Back 595

New Left

Front 596

Sought broader and more democratic change than the old left.

Back 596

New Left

Front 597

When college professors gathered and expressed their opinions about the Vietnam War.

Back 597

teach-ins

Front 598

People who opposed fighting the war on moral or religious grounds were known as ____

Back 598

conscientious objectors

Front 599

Most of the people who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were _______.

Back 599

conscientious objectors

Front 600

College students could postpone being drafted into military service by getting a __________.

Back 600

deferment

Front 601

Some American questioned the fairness of the draft because THEY could easily avoid the draft.

Back 601

college students

Front 602

Many young men avoided the draft by _________.

Back 602

going to Canada

Front 603

Due to opposition to the Vietnam war he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.

Back 603

Lyndon Johnson

Front 604

The success of the antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy and the entrance of antiwar candidate Robert Kennedy into the Presidential race, contributed to Johnson not running for _____.

Back 604

reelection

Front 605

Republican Candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.

Back 605

Richard Nixon

Front 606

In 1968 the Democratic party was split by the same issues___.

Back 606

dividing the nation

Front 607

The split in the democratic party led to protests at THIS EVENT and the brutal suppression of those protests by Mayor Daley.

Back 607

democratic convention of 1968

Front 608

Democratic candidate in the 1968 Presidential election.

Back 608

Hubert Humphrey

Front 609

A third party candidate in 1968, he appealed to blue-collar voters in the North, who resented campus radicals and antiwar activists.

Back 609

George Wallace

Front 610

In an era of chaos and confrontation middle America turned to the Republican party for

Back 610

stability

Front 611

Winner of the 1968 Presidential election.

Back 611

Richard Nixon

Front 612

At the end of his presidency Johnson cut back on the bombing and called for _____.

Back 612

peace negotiations

Front 613

New policy in Vietnam announced by Nixon in 1969.

Back 613

Vietnamization

Front 614

Policy of replacing American forces with South Vietnamese soldiers.

Back 614

Vietnamization

Front 615

In 1970, President Nixon announced that the U.S. forces would invade _______.

Back 615

Cambodia

Front 616

Nixon was willing to intensify the war in order to strengthen America's position at the ___.

Back 616

peace talks

Front 617

Negotiations that ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Back 617

Paris peace talks

Front 618

Term used by Nixon to refer to the large number of American people who he believed supported his Vietnam policies.

Back 618

silent majority

Front 619

Nixon's invasion of Cambodia reignited ________.

Back 619

student protests in the 1970s

Front 620

The primary focus of the protest movement of the 1960s was to demand _____.

Back 620

U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam

Front 621

Tensions between students who opposed the war and National Guardsman resulted in four deaths at _____.

Back 621

Kent State

Front 622

Brought the brutality of the Vietnam war into people's living rooms.

Back 622

Television

Front 623

As Nixon withdrew troops from Vietnam he resumed ______________.

Back 623

resumed bombing raids

Front 624

Under increasing pressure to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam he negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in 1973.

Back 624

Richard Nixon

Front 625

The U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops and North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South.

Back 625

Paris Peace Accord

Front 626

The seventeenth parallel would continue to divide North & South Vietnam, all prisoners of war would be released, and the U.S would withdrawal from Vietnam.

Back 626

Paris Peace Accord

Front 627

Year that the Vietnam Peace Treaty was signed.

Back 627

1973

Front 628

Two years after the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam the _______.

Back 628

North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam

Front 629

The Vietnam war ended in 1975 when North Vietnam ____.

Back 629

gained control of all of Vietnam

Front 630

After the last Americans fled Saigon, the North Vietnamese completed ___________.

Back 630

their conquest of South Vietnam

Front 631

The year the Vietnam War ended.

Back 631

1975

Front 632

Also fell to communism after the U.S. withdrew from Vietnam

Back 632

Cambodia & Laos

Front 633

Communist guerrillas who came to power in Cambodia.

Back 633

Khmer Rouge

Front 634

Ruler of the Khmer Rouge who oversaw work camps and the genocide of more than a million Cambodians.

Back 634

Pol Pot

Front 635

After Cambodia and Laos communism did not spread any farther in ______.

Back 635

Southeast Asia

Front 636

A flood of refugees to the U.S. from Southeast Asia was one _______________.

Back 636

legacy of the Vietnam War

Front 637

Was created to help heal the wounds created by the Vietnam war.

Back 637

Vietnam Memorial

Front 638

In 1968, the Republicans chose this former Vice President as their candidate for President.

Back 638

Richard Nixon

Front 639

As national security adviser and Secretary of State, HE played a major role in shaping Nixon's foreign policy.

Back 639

Henry Kissinger

Front 640

Group of nations that sets oil prices and production levels. (mostly Arab nations)

Back 640

OPEC

Front 641

Because the U.S. backed Israel in its 1973 war with Egypt and Syria, OPEC imposed and embargo on the shipping of ______.

Back 641

Oil to the U.S.

Front 642

In 1973 it resulted in higher inflation and a recession in the U.S.

Back 642

OPEC's Oil embargo

Front 643

Included easing guidelines for desegregation and an attempt by the Justice Department to prevent the extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Back 643

Nixon's "southern strategy"

Front 644

First two people to walk on the moon on July 20, 1969.

Back 644

Neil Armstrong & "Buzz" Aldrin

Front 645

Bringing about détente with the Soviet Union and China was perhaps HIS greatest accomplishment in foreign affairs.

Back 645

President Nixon

Front 646

Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the USSR in the 1970s.

Back 646

détente

Front 647

Nixon wanted to use America's friendship with China to help in negotiations with the _________.

Back 647

Soviet Union

Front 648

Proved that the superpowers could reach agreements relating to nuclear arms control.

Back 648

SALT I Treaty

Front 649

Froze the number of missiles the U.S. & USSR could produce.

Back 649

SALT I Treaty

Front 650

Documents handed over to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed that Presidents from Truman to Johnson had deceived Congress and the American people about the real situation in Vietnam.

Back 650

Pentagon Papers

Front 651

A group formed with Nixon's approval to stop government leaks.

Back 651

Plumbers

Front 652

The Plumbers and the Committee to Reelect the President were formed to ensure the overwhelming victory for ______.

Back 652

Nixon in 1972

Front 653

Because the Committee to Reelect the President wanted to wiretap the Democratic National Committee they had people break-in to the ____.

Back 653

Watergate Hotel

Front 654

Were caught attempting to wiretap Democrats' phones.

Back 654

Watergate burglars

Front 655

The trials and sentencing of the Watergate burglars led to testimony to a Senate committee about _____.

Back 655

White House involvement

Front 656

As a result of the Watergate scandal Richard Nixon __________.

Back 656

resigned

Front 657

President Ford's most controversial act as President.

Back 657

pardoning Nixon

Front 658

President Ford faced an economy experiencing both rising unemployment and rising inflation.

Back 658

stagflation

Front 659

Law limiting when a President can get involved in foreign conflicts without a formal declaration of war.

Back 659

War Powers Act

Front 660

In 1975, when Ford asked for military aid to try to save South Vietnam, Congress used the _____.

Back 660

War Powers Act to say no

Front 661

Was chosen by the democrats as their presidential candidate in 1976.

Back 661

Jimmy Carter

Front 662

The basic issue of the 1976 presidential campaign was ____.

Back 662

trust

Front 663

He assumed the role of peacemaker to negotiate the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt.

Back 663

Jimmy Carter

Front 664

The hostage crisis in Iran helped Ronald Reagan to _____.

Back 664

defeat Jimmy Carter in 1980

Front 665

Criticized both the New Deal and the Great Society for having expanded the size of the federal government.

Back 665

Conservatives

Front 666

Rock music, affirmative action, and the women's movement all troubled ___.

Back 666

Conservatives

Front 667

Coalition of conservative groups in the 1980s.

Back 667

New Right

Front 668

Political organization that wanted to restore Christian values to the society.

Back 668

Moral Majority

Front 669

The election of 1980 was especially significant because it demonstrated that conservatives controlled the _______.

Back 669

nation's agenda

Front 670

According to this theory, a cut in taxes would make the economy grow faster by putting more money into the hands of businesses.

Back 670

supply-side economics

Front 671

Cutting taxes and cutting government regulations were two major elements of HIS economic plan.

Back 671

Ronald Reagan

Front 672

President Reagan's economic program was based on the theory of ______.

Back 672

supply-side economics

Front 673

Reagan believed government regulations needed to be reduced because they ______.

Back 673

stifled competition

Front 674

Under Reagan, programs created by Lyndon Johnson's Great Society were ______.

Back 674

cut back

Front 675

A plan by both Nixon and Reagan to redistribute power from the federal government to the states and local government.

Back 675

New Federalism

Front 676

Plan to build a massive satellite shield to protect the U.S. from incoming missiles.

Back 676

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Front 677

Reagan ordered a huge military build up to defend America's interest in the ____.

Back 677

Cold War

Front 678

In 1981, THIS highly threatening disease of the immune system was discovered.

Back 678

AIDS

Front 679

First female Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Back 679

Sandra Day O'Connor

Front 680

In the area of civil rights, President Reagan worked to end some __________.

Back 680

affirmative action programs

Front 681

Critics charged that President Reagan's conservative policies led to a larger gap between the _____.

Back 681

rich and the poor

Front 682

During the 1980s the gap between America's rich and poor ____.

Back 682

widened considerably

Front 683

Secret operation to arm rebels in Nicaragua.

Back 683

Iran-Contra affair

Front 684

In Nicaragua Reagan wanted to overthrow the ____.

Back 684

Marxist government

Front 685

Nicaraguan anti-communist guerrilla fighters.

Back 685

Contras

Front 686

It caused the most serious criticism that the Reagan administration ever faced.

Back 686

Iran-Contra affair

Front 687

1987 agreement calling for the destruction of 2,500 Soviet and U.S. missiles in Europe.

Back 687

INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)

Front 688

During HIS second term, U.S. relations with the Soviet Union improved.

Back 688

Ronald Reagan

Front 689

Reform leader of the Soviet Union with which Reagan developed a close relationship.

Back 689

Mikhail Gorbachev

Front 690

Gorbachev's new policy of "political openness."

Back 690

glasnost

Front 691

Gorbachev's new policy to restructure the Soviet economy and allow limited free enterprise.

Back 691

Perestroika

Front 692

Soviet policies that helped end the Cold War by helping cause the fall of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Back 692

perestroika and glasnost

Front 693

Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost resulted in better relations with the _____.

Back 693

United States

Front 694

Improved relations with the Soviet Union resulting from Gorbachev's policies led to arms _______.

Back 694

reduction talks

Front 695

During the campaign for President in 1988, George Bush promised that he would not ______.

Back 695

raise taxes

Front 696

George H.W. Bush won the presidency partially by attacking THIS PERSON'S record on crime.

Back 696

Michael Dukakis

Front 697

In the late 1980s, a series of anti-Communist revolts broke out in ___.

Back 697

Eastern Europe

Front 698

The end of the Cold War was signaled by the signing of ________.

Back 698

arms-control treaties between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

Front 699

Called for dramatic cuts in American and Soviet supplies of long-range nuclear weapons.

Back 699

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

Front 700

When the Soviet Union collapsed, the U.S. promoted a move toward Western-style democracy in the ___________.

Back 700

former Soviet states

Front 701

Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait began the ____.

Back 701

Persian Gulf War

Front 702

A major reason that President George Bush responded forcefully to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was that he wanted to protect the ______.

Back 702

flow of oil to the West

Front 703

Conflict in which Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by U.N. forces.

Back 703

Persian Gulf War

Front 704

In the early 1990s, unemployment rose when companies engaged in laying off workers to cut costs.

Back 704

downsizing

Front 705

To deal with the recession of the early 1990s he agreed to raise taxes as part of a deficit-reduction plan. (contrary to his earlier promise)

Back 705

President George H.W. Bush

Front 706

Won the presidency in 1992 with 43% of the popular vote.

Back 706

Bill Clinton

Front 707

A successful businessman, who ran as a third-party candidate for President in both 1992 & 1996.

Back 707

Ross Perot

Front 708

Dominant issue in the presidential campaign of 1992.

Back 708

the economy

Front 709

President Clinton wanted to reform the healthcare system because millions of Americans did not have _____.

Back 709

health insurance

Front 710

President Clinton's first budget aimed to reduce the deficit by ______.

Back 710

spending cuts & tax increases

Front 711

For the first time in 40 years, Republicans won a majority in both houses of Congress, in the ____.

Back 711

1994 congressional elections

Front 712

Republican pledge to limit the role of the federal government, cut regulations and taxes, and balance the budget.

Back 712

Contract with America

Front 713

Former Senate Majority Leader who ran for President in 1996.

Back 713

Bob Dole

Front 714

The reason given by the House of Representatives for impeaching President Clinton was that he had _______.

Back 714

lied under oath

Front 715

To charge government official with wrongdoing.

Back 715

impeach

Front 716

President Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives but he was not _______.

Back 716

convicted by the Senate

Front 717

The confusion over ballot reports from this state led to controversy in the Presidential election of 2000.

Back 717

Florida

Front 718

Confusion over the ballot reports in Florida, during the election of 2000, led to the final decision about the recount being made by the ______.

Back 718

Supreme Court

Front 719

Won the Presidential election of 2000 after the Supreme Court decided he should get Florida's electoral vote.

Back 719

George W. Bush

Front 720

Democratic candidate for President, in 2000, who won the largest percentage of the popular vote but lost in the electoral college.

Back 720

Al Gore

Front 721

Most of George W. Bush's support in the 2000 election came from what sections of the country?

Back 721

the South and the Midwest

Front 722

Systematic separation of people of different racial backgrounds.

Back 722

apartheid

Front 723

The U.S. imposed economic sanctions on South Africa to protest its policy of _____.

Back 723

apartheid

Front 724

Imprisoned in South Africa for 27 years, HE became that country's president after apartheid.

Back 724

Nelson Mandela

Front 725

The U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid to Russia for the use in creating a __________.

Back 725

free market economy

Front 726

The breakup of THIS former Communist country, in the early 1990s, brought the worst violence in Europe since World War II.

Back 726

Yugoslavia

Front 727

Yasir Arafat of the PLO and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel signed a historic peace agreement in ______. (year)

Back 727

1993

Front 728

American foreign policy in the post-Cold War era had to contend with violent turmoil in _____. (3 places)

Back 728

the Balkans, Africa, and the Middle East

Front 729

On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked planes and flew them into the _____.

Back 729

World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon

Front 730

Because ITS government, run by the Taliban, had supported Al Qaeda, in 2001 the U.S. attacked _____.

Back 730

Afghanistan

Front 731

Starting in 1965, U.S. immigration policy contributed to the nation's increasing ______.

Back 731

diversity

Front 732

In the 1990s, most immigrants to the U.S. came from ___.

Back 732

Asia and Latin America

Front 733

American immigration policy as of 1990 has been characterized by ______.

Back 733

easier admissions

Front 734

A policy that gives special consideration to women and members of minority groups to make up for past discrimination.

Back 734

Affirmative action

Front 735

What was the main issue in the debate over affirmative action?

Back 735

fairness

Front 736

Fastest growing age group in the U.S., in the 1990s is the people over 65.

Back 736

"the graying of America"

Front 737

The greatest threat to Social Security and Medicare during, and since, the 1990s was the rapidly growing number of Americans over ______.

Back 737

65 years of age

Front 738

Older Americans pushed for a prohibition against forced _______.

Back 738

retirement at a given age

Front 739

The growth of industries that use computer technology has increased the demand for _____.

Back 739

educated workers

Front 740

The internet has increased the demand for what type of services?

Back 740

internet and technology

Front 741

In the 1990s there was a continuing growth of global ___.

Back 741

trade

Front 742

Pact called for the removal of trade restrictions between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Created a free trade zone in North America.

Back 742

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Front 743

Businesses that operates in more than one country.

Back 743

Multinational corporations