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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Effects of the civil war |
Immediate Effects: Abolition of slavery, Devastation of the south, Reconstruction of the south
Long term effects: Growth of industry, Government more powerful, Nation re-united |
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Lincoln, Johnson and congressional plans of reconstruction |
Lincolns Reconstruction plan: The citizens of the South had to take an oath of loyalty, and once 10% of the state had taken the oath the state could rejoin the Union. It was known as the 10% Plan.
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan: Same as Lincoln's but military officials and persons with property worth more than $20,000 had to apply directly to the President for a pardon. Congressional reconstruction plan: Southern States had to approve the 13Amendment 2) Southern states had to nullify seceding from the union. 3) The South could not repay loans from countries that helped them. States had to ratify the 13th & 14th amendment, and enacted Military Control of Reconstruction with the Military Reconstruction Act. |
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13th, 14th, and 15th amendments |
13th amendment: bans slavery in the United States and all of its territories
14th amendment: grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States ans garantees them equal protection under the law 15th amendment: ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
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The Freedmen's Bureau
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The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.
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Black codes |
a series of statutes and laws enacted in 1865 and 1866 by the legislatures of the Southern states following the end of the Civil War at the beginning of the Reconstruction Era.Public laws that economized restricted minorities' civil rights
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the black family
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After emancipation the black family became more likely the typical white family, with men as bread winners and women as the home makers
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the black sharecroppers family |
Sharecropping allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between the worker and the owner at the end of the year.
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Grant administration
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lots of political corruption which Grant apparently failed to notice: the Whiskey Ring had robbed theTreasury of millions of dollars, Grant's private secretary one of the criminals; Secretary of War William Belknap was shown to have pocketed some $24,000 by selling junk to Indians; Congressmen and VP bought CM stock
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Failure of Reconstruction
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Grant Administration, Resistance in the South (KKK, Redeemer governments, & voting restrictions), Compromise of 1877 destroyed the foundation of Radical Reconstruction governments, Weakening of the Republicans & Strengthening of the Democrats
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The grant addministration |
Lots of political corruption which Grant apparently failed to notice: the Whiskey Ring had robbed theTreasury of millions of dollars, Grant's private secretary one of the criminals; Secretary of War William Belknap was shown to have pocketed some $24,000 by selling junk to Indians; Congressmen and VP bought CM stock
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The failure of reconstruction |
Resistance in the South (KKK, Redeemer governments, & voting restrictions), Compromise of 1877 destroyed the foundation of Radical Reconstruction governments, Weakening of the Republicans & Strengthening of the Democrats
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The election of 1876 and the Hayes administration
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an agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the Southremoval of federal troops mans the and of the reconstruction era
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The election of 1880 and the Garfield/Arthur administration
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James A. Garfield Republican vs Democrat War Hero Winfield Scott; Soon after Garfield was elected he was assassinated by Charles Guiteau; Death of Garfield shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system
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The election of 1884 and the Cleveland administration
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few fundamental differences separated the two parties; Americans sunk to low levels; Grover Cleveland (Democrat) won; James G. Blaine (Republican) lost
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The election of 1888 and the Harrison administration
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tariff protection(Republican) vs. tariff reduction (Democrat) divided the political parties; Benjamin Harrison (Republican) won; Grover Cleveland lost
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The election of 1892 and the Cleveland administration
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James Weaver of Iowa, was the Populist candidate for President and won 1 million votes; lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two nonconsecutive terms)
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The election of 1896 and the Mckinley administration
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Between William Bryan and Mckinley-Mckinley (Republican) won because he had big party bosses behind him (Mark Hanna) large issue was silver
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Plessy v. Ferguson |
Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites
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The rise and fall of populists |
made up of farmers, greenbacks, laborers, grangersOmaha Platform 1892
government ownership of rails and telephone unlimited coinage of silver graduated income tax on wealth sub-treasury to store farm goods with loans given to keep farmers in business 8 hr. workday restriction on immigration initiative, referendum, secret ballot, direct election of senators |
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The depression of 1893 |
In 1873, a paralyzing panic broke out caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects. Essentially, the causes of the panic were the same old ones that'd caused recessions every 20 years that century: (1) over-speculation and (2) too-easy credit.
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The grangers |
It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses
The Granger laws were a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. |
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American literature in the post-civil war era |
American novelists' turned from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged social realism
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The Haymarket square riot |
This was a riot led by the knights of labor in Chicago. It began as an attempt to secure an 8 hour work day. 12 people were killed when an anarchist threw a bomb into a column of policemen. This act of violence was linked to the Knights of Labor and was a major setback to their cause
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Technological changes after the civil war |
advances in new weapons technology changed the way soldiers in the field fought and later how they lived
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The factory system |
a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building
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The new americans |
N/A |
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Urbanization |
A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
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The wounded knee Massacre |
also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
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Las Gorras Blancas |
the White Caps, group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners.
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Joseph McCoy |
a livestock owner who realized railroads could send meat to populated eastern cities by transporting longhorns and other bovines north through the railroad. He also built large cattle pens called stockyards
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The mining frontier |
The discovery of gold in CA in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the Western mountains.
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"Americanizing" the indians |
A strategy of assimilating Americanize Indians by making them cut their hair and forget their native languages |
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Dueling Documents "Americanizing the Indians" |
N/A |
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The transcontinental railroad |
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.
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The pony express |
established in 1860 to carry mail quickly from missouri to sacramento. tiny people would ride ponies to stations ten miles apart and it would only take 10 days. the enterprise lost money and collapsed after 18 months, but it boosted technology later leading to machinery.
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The cattle drives - boom and bust |
The cattle drives ended in the 1880s when overgrazing destroyed the grass and a winter blizzard and drought of 1885-1886 killed 90% of the cattle.
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Farming on the plains |
Encourage farming on Great plains160 acres of public free land for a family who settle 5 years.promotions of railroad introduced hundreds of thousands of people in attempt to farm the great plains
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The homestead Act |
Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm
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Survival on the great plains |
land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects
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The Sand Creek Massacre |
an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members
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Fredrick Jackson Turner |
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
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The Dawes Act |
attempt to "americanize" the indians giving each tribe 160 acres; after 25 years this property would become theirs (if they were good little whites) and they would become an american citizen
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The act of little Bighorn |
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, whites invaded the Indians' lands and drove them on the warpath. The war culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)in southern Montana.
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The south Texas Vaquero |
A ranch hand or cowboy In California
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Packaging and exporting the wild west |
William F. Cody (Buffalo bill) Started a traviling show about the wild west which included such acts as Annie Oakley |
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The disappearing bison |
Americans would kill bison so as to deprive the Indians of their prime resource |
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The Gilded Age |
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
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J. P. Morgan |
Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale
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John D. Rockefeller |
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
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Andrew Carnegie |
Built a steel mill empire
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Dueling Documents "Two sides of the Haymarket" |
N/A |
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The development of industrial systems |
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
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The growth of big business - defenders and critics |
Defenders of big business often associated it with social Darwinism and said that if you failed to climb the business ladder it was your fault. Critics on the other hand said that business was exploitative and immoral |
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The rise of the information systems |
People were able to better communicate with one another thanks to inventions such as the telephone |
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Workers of the industrial era |
As demand for workers sprung up in the industrial era more women and minorities were being hired often working in the lowest jobs in factories. Women were young and unmarried |
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The knights of Labor |
This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population;welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigratns, and African Americans;were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
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The american federation of labor |
Led by Samuel Gompers;an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions;concentrated on brea-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
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Strikes and strikebreakers after the civil war |
With a surplus of cheap labor, management held most of the power in its struggles with organized labor. Strikers could easily be replaced by bringing in strikebreakers, or scabs—unemployed persons desperate for jobs. Employers also used all of the following tactics for defeating unions:
the lockout: closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized blacklists: names of prounion workers circulated among employers yellow-dog contracts: workers being told, as a condition for employment,that they must sign an agreement not to join a union calling in private guards and state militia to put down strikes obtaining court injunctions against strikes |
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Business combinations and their significance |
1. Corporation- men organize to conduct a business, to invest money and to receive the stock; the corporation is granted a charter and is subject to state and federal laws
2. Pool- a group of firms agree to share in the total amount of business available in a given area 3. Holding company- a company which owns enough shares in other companies to control their prices and policies 4. Trust- a super corporation |
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The urban explosion |
Urban explosion from migration from south and immigrants from abroad
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Tenements |
Term given to the overcrowded housing for workers and the poor, refered to as "slum dwellings."
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Dueling documents "City Scenes" |
N/A |
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Boss rule |
New immigrants, many who couldnt speak english, turned to urban "bosses" and their urban machines. The main purpose of these men was to win votes for their cause. He would help immigrants and would bribe their vote, by bringing them food, finding them jobs, and helping them in minor legal situations. He often gave them patronagem jobs in the city govt. or city agencies.
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Nativism |
the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners
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"old" and "new" immigrants |
Old Immigration - Germans and Scandinavians from Western Europe who came before the 1880's. They discriminated against the "new immigration" and considered themselves "natives."
New Immigration - The Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe. |
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Daily lives "Vaudeville show" |
Cheap theaters that opened their doors to the middle class for anywhere from a dime to two dollars |
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Victorianism |
Orderly Behavior, Delayed Gratification (saving for future), Sexual Modesty (language/behavior), Disciplined Morality, Male Dominated
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Imperialism |
an advocate of the policy of dominating other nations by acquiring their land or making them economically dependent
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Daily lives "The New Navy" |
After the civil war navies improved thanks, in part, to technology |
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The conquest of the Philippines |
Demanding independence, Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo fought a guerrilla war against American takeover of the islands because America did not recognize indpendence. Proving much more difficult and costly than the war against Spain, the Philippine-American War (1899-1902) convinced American leaders of the need to prepare the island archipelago for eventual self-government.
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Manifest Destiny - myth and reality |
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
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The Spanish-american war |
War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
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The open door policy |
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
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The new manifest destiny |
In the 1890s, fears that natural resources would soon disappear and that alternative sources would have to be found abroad. Protests led to a push for a more aggressive foreign policy while others considered acquiring colonies that might expand our world market.
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General Douglas MacArthur |
surrender the Phillippines during WWII, He was the supreme allied commander during the Cold War in 1945. After World War II, MacArthur was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the United Nations troops. He was later fired by Harry Truman for insubordination.Allied commander and five star general in the U.S. army. He headed the U.S. army in Japan and Korea but was fired by Truman for questioning the actions of his superiors in the midst of the Korean war.
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