Mcat Behavioral Sciences Chapter 5

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

purpose or driven force behind our actions

Front 2

extrinsic motivation

Back 2

rewards and punishments

external forces coming from outside oneself

ex. working hard at job for praise from boss

Front 3

intrinsic motivation

Back 3

motivation that comes form within oneself

driven by interest in task or by enjoymentins

Front 4

instincts

Back 4

innate, fixed patterns of behavior to stimuli

Front 5

instinct theory

Back 5

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Henry James and William McDougall were both proponents

Front 6

arousal

Back 6

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Front 7

arousal theory

Back 7

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

(A factor that influences motivation)

Front 8

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 8

postulates a U-shaped function between the lvl of arousal and performance. Performance is worst at extremely high or low levels of arousal and optimal somewhere in the middle.

Front 9

drives

Back 9

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. no external factors

Front 10

primary drives

Back 10

the need for food, water, warmth motivates us to sustain bodily processes

Front 11

secondary drives

Back 11

stem from learning. ex striving to become a doctor

also include desire for nurture, love, achievement, aggression

Front 12

drive reduction theory

Back 12

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Front 13

needs

Back 13

motivators that influence human behavior

how we allocate our resources and energy to best satisfy our needs

Front 14

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 14

1. physiological

2. safety

3. love/belonging

4. esteem

5. self-actualization

Front 15

self determination theory

Back 15

3 universal needs: autonomy (in control), competence (complete and excel at tasks), relatedness (needed, wanted)

Front 16

incentive theory

Back 16

behavior is motivated by awards and punishments.

Front 17

expectancy-value theory

Back 17

the amount o motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree in which she values succeeding at the goal

Front 18

opponent-process theory

Back 18

explains drugs use. When a drug is repeatedly taken the body will attempt to counteract the effects by changing it's physiology. This results in withdrawal and creates a physical dependence

Front 19

Elements of emotion (3)

Back 19

1. physiological

2. behavioral

3. cognitive

Front 20

Element of emotion: physiological

Back 20

a feeling causes arousal by the sym. NS changes in HR, BP

Front 21

element of emotion: behavorial

Back 21

facial expressions body language

Front 22

element of emotion: cognition

Back 22

subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

Front 23

universal emotions (7)

Back 23

1. happiness

2. sadness

3. contempt

4. surprise

5. fear

6. disgust

7. anger

Front 24

sexual motivation

Back 24

related to hormones as well as cultural and social factors

Front 25

adaptive role of emotion

Back 25

everything we do think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encoutner. Emotions are evol. adaptions due to situations encountered over the evol. history of the human species.

Front 26

theories of emotion (3)

Back 26

1. James-Lange theory

2. connon-bard theory

3. schachter- singer theory

Front 27

James- Lange theory

Back 27

nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled

ex. a car cuts you off, you have an elevated HR BP, and then your brain recognizes these changes and labels the emotion as anger

thought the stimulus is recieved by the PNS and then sent to the CNS

Front 28

Cannon- Bard theory

Back 28

the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

afferenct nerve severed emotion is still experienced

Front 29

Schaechter- Singer theory

Back 29

nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response.

Front 30

stress: primary appraisal

Back 30

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Front 31

stress: secondary appraisal

Back 31

evalutes if the organism can cope with the stress based on harm, threat and challenge.

Front 32

general adaption syndrome

Back 32

1. alarm

2. resistance.

3. exhaustion

Front 33

prefrontal cortex

Back 33

planning, expressing personality and making decisions

Front 34

ventral prefrontal cortex

Back 34

critical for experiencing emotion

Front 35

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Back 35

involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making