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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Define the following terms:
imprinting diphyodont altruism heterodont ethology oviparous homeothermic trophoblast sign stimuli fitness |
Imprinting: Learning that has a sensitive period in which if delayed then behavior will not be learned any more.
Diphyodont: two successive set of teeth in mammals Altruism: unselfish behavior decreased indivisual fitness but increased fitness population. Heterodont: teeth of different size and shapes (mammals) Ethology: The scientific study of animal behavior, especially in natural environments. Oviparous: Mammals that are egg laying. Homeothermic: maintaining constant body temperature. Trophoblast: Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. sign stimuli: sign that trigger a behavior Fitness: frequency that animals genes passed on to the next generation. |
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2. Briefly explain the origin of the mammal middle ear bones?
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Middle ear bones evolved from the jaw bones of reptiles, 1 bone from the tetrapods’ stapes and 2 bones from reptiles. Quadrate and Articular bones in mammalian ancestors were converted into incus and malleus.
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3. Explain how marsupials and placental mammals exhibit convergent evolution.
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Marsupiums and placental mammals have different placentas thus showing convergent evolution.
The marsupials have choriovitelline placentas where as the placentals have chorioallontois placentas. |
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4. How does respiration in a mammal differ from that of a bird?
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Resperation in mammals: air flow is two ways
Bird’s respiration: air flow is one way. |
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5. List four synapomorphies that unite all mammals.
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Hair
mammary glands heterodont dentition endothermy |
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6. Why is egg laying in monotremes not considered an apomorphy for the group?
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because other vertebrates have it as a feature too (turtle, lizards, and snakes…)
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7. Describe and distinguish the patterns of reproduction in monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals.
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Monotremes: egg laying (oviparous)
Marsupials: Choriovitelline placenta; underdeveloped young Placental: chorioallantoic placenta; longer gestation periods, fairly well developed young. |
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10. Describe 3 major anatomical/physiological changes in deep diving mammals?
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O2 stored in muscles and blood vs lungs
Bradycardia: decreased in heart rate Higher blood volume lungs collapse, alveoli empty |
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11. Give specific examples of innate vs. learned behavior.
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innate behavior: spider web design; not learned behavior
Learned behavior: imprinting in geese, or cleaning fruits in monkeys!! |
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12. Give an example of a behavior that has both innate and learned components. What is the evidence that it is both?
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imprinting: geese imprinting. It has a sensitive period (limited time when certain behavior can be learned).
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13. Which two groups of mammals echolocate?
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Dolphins and bats
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14. The mammal-like reptiles that mammals evolved from are_______?
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Therapsid (synapsid) mammal like reptile.
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15. Be able to explain the three processes that occur in the mammal kidney.
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1-Filtration: blood is forcing the fluid into bowmanls capsule.
2-Reabsorption: occurs in the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, movement from tubule into blood. H2O, H NaCl, HCO3 3- Secretion: Occurs in the proximal and distal tubule, movement from blood to tubule (same transport)-H.K |
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16. Why is the mammal kidney referred to as a countercurrent exchange multiplier?
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Flow in desending limb vs ascending limb of loop of henle.
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17. What is meant by the ultimate cause of behavior? Give an example.
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Ultimate or “why” questions about behavior: it addresses the evolutionary significance of a behavior.
Imprinting in geese: geese that follow their mother receive more care and are able to survive on their own when growing up. |
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18. What is altruistic behavior and how might it be related to kin selection?
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It is an unselfish behavior. The more related you are to a person, the more altruistic behavior you will have toward that person.
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