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223 Cards in this Set
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Basic lifecycle of nematodes?
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Eggs shit out --> L1/L2 which eat microbes in the envt --> encysted L3 (in cuticle) --> eaten by dumb cow --> hypobiosis or immediately becomes adults
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Who is famous for hypobiosis?
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Ostertagia (type II results from the end of hypobiosis)
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In which conditions do L3 survive longer?
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Moderate temps, shade, humidity, moisture (remember their cuticles dont let any water or nutrients in, but if its hot and dry out it will allow water to escape --> shriveled up dead L3)
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When does hypobiosis occur?
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In northern America/Canada theyre going to hibernate over the winter and in the South they hibernate during the really hot summer months
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Why does hypobiosis occur?
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Cause the parasites dont want to become adults and start popping out baby eggs that are just going to die given the terrible weather conditions (remember eggs dont survive in freezing or boiling conditions)
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Which eggs DO survive freezing?
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Nematodirus & Trichuris
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Why does massive emergence from hypobiosis cause problems in the animal?
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Gut inflammation --> diarrhea and PLE
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T/F. When an animal is subclinically affected by intestinal parasites we call this Nematodiasis.
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False...nematodIasis aka helminthiasis aka GI parasitism is what we call DISEASE (aka clinically affected animals)
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90/10?
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90% of the parasites are in the environment, only 10% are in the animals. Thats why deworming alone is an ineffective way of treating parasitism
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80/20?
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Of the affected animals, only 20% have a high worm burden and show CS
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What are the three ways nematodes harm the host?
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Hemorrhage & PLE
Inflammation Metabolic "cost" of repairing the gut |
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What are the abomasal worms?
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HOT
Haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus |
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What are the intestinal worms?
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SNT (like saint)
Strongyloides, nematodirus, trichuris (dont mistake this T worm for the abomasal one...and you shouldnt cause dogs get Trichuris and they dont have an abomasum =) |
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What are the CS of haemonchus?
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Anemia (<15) and hypoproteinemia, so edema
They dont really get diarrhea cause Haemonchus doesnt affect digestion |
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How much blood do we give for blood transfusion?
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20-40ml/kg
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Moroccan leather =
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Nodules on the abomasum from Ostertagia
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So whats the main difference between Type I and II as far as diagnostics go?
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Type I ostertagiasis = eggs in the feces
Type II = no eggs in the feces cause the L4s havent even matured to adults that lay eggs before the diarrha starts |
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Where do Ostertagia live and cause damage? (dont just say abomasum)
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Prietal cells (the ones that are supposed to secrete HCl)
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What are the CS of ostertagiasis?
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Diarrhea from the parietal cell destruction and therefore impaired digestion
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When does hypobiosis occur in a type I ostertagiasis?
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Trick question--it doesnt
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What happens when hypobiotic nematodes wake up?
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They molt into young adults and emerge from the parietal glands
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What are the test results of a Type II Ostertagiasis?
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Negative FEC
high serum pepsinogen Alkaline abomasum (>5) Nodules (morrocan leather) |
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Who is Trichostrongylus going to affect and what are you going to see?
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Immunocompromised indivisuals get dark green to black watery diarrhea...and weight loss!!
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What are the three intstinal worms?
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SNT
Strongyloides (this is different than Trichostrongylus) Nematodirus Trichuris |
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Whoch adult lives in the cecum?
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Trichuris lives in the cecum
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Which parasites dont respond to Ivermectin and so you treat camelids with Fenben?
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Nematodirus and Trichuris
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Which parasite can migrate thru the mom's tissues to get into the milk?
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Strongyloides
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Which Parasite has a direct life cycle? Describe
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Trichuris--the egg contains L1, and does not hatch til its swallowed by a ruminant
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Why are Nematodirus and Trixhuris such problems in camelids?
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Cause camelid owners are so concerned with the Meningeal Worm they deworm their beasts with Ivermectin every month and think theyre covered....nematodirus & Trichuris are resistant to Ivermec
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Which eggs are resistant to freezing?
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Nematodirus and Trichuris
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How do you detect Strongyloides larvae?
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Baermann
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What is important to remember about Nematodirus eggs?
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These worms dont make a lot of eggs, so if you see even ONE in the poop sample you should consider them infected!
Theyre also resistant to freezing, like trichuris |
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Which parasite creates foot scald?
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Strongyloides
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What are the 3 major classes of dewormers and how do they work?
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Benzimidazoles (bind tubulin --> starvation)
Cholinergic inhibitors (bind ACh rec --> paralysis) Macrocylic lactones (enhances GABA rec --> paralysis) |
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What are the benzimidazoles and their side effects?
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Fenbendazole
Albendazole (teratogenic during first tri) Oxfendazole (not to be given at same time as flukicides) Thiabendazole (not avail in the US) |
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What are the cholinergic inhibitors and what should we know about them?
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Levamisole (very narrow saefty margin, give only at recommended dose)
Morantel/Pyrantel (will only kill adults) |
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What are the macrocylic lactones? Which wormscare resistant to them?
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Avermectins (eg ivermec & doramec)
Tapeworms, Nematodirus, Trichuris |
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What are things we have to remember about Nematodirus and Trichuris?
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Intestinal
Eggs withstand freezing Resistant to ivermectin, use FBZ Camelids DIRECT lifecycles |
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Which is more pathogenic--Nematodirus or Trichuris?
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Nemeatodirus --> acute diarrhea in young or immunocompromised
Trichuris --> generally speaking, does not often result in ckinial disease |
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What are the 5 common "mass treatment" strategies?
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Prior to parturition
1-3 mos old Young females prior to breeding Treatment vs specific risks Conventional treat & move |
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What are the two best ways to control parasites?
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FAMACHA & environmental management
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How often should you change dewormer?
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Only once a year
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What is "refugia?"
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The fancy term for the worms inside "healthy" animals that werent given dewormer
(refugia do not develop resistance!!). =) |
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What are the target fecal egg counts/gram?
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Cows under 100
Goats and lambs 500 Sheep 1000 |
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Why should you fast animals prior to oral benzimadazoles?
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So the rumen can better absorb it
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What do you have to remember about giving the actual dewormer?
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Dose to the heaviest animal and make sure you put the nozzle behind the base of the tingue or youll stimulate their esophageal groove and they wont get any dewormer in their rumen
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What kind of grazers are goats?
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Browsers
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How do you treat Coccidia?
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Albon (or amprolium in the water)
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What are the white dewormers and how do you administer them?
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The benzimidazoles
BID (q 12 hours) |
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What are the resistant sheep species (to parasites)?
Goat? |
Barbados
St Croix Katahdin Pygmy Myoronics |
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What causes myoronic goats to "faint?"
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Defective chloride channels
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When should you mass deworm a herd?
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Right before parturition
3 weeks after birth?? 2-3 mos after birth?? |
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When do ruminants usually give birth?
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Jan-May
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How often should you move the herds?
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Every 6-8 weeks
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How long are most of the parasite lifecylces we talked about?
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21 days
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NEONATAL DIARRHEA
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NEONATAL DIARRHEA
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When is calving season?
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Jan-May
(so when the newborns get sick its cold out and its that much harder on them) |
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When a calf's pH is 7.1 what is he like?
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Near death
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Where does the majority of intestinal secretion occur?
Absorption? |
Secretions from crypts
Absorption from villi |
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What is the single greatest need for protein synthesis in the body?
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Crypt cells
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What determines the length of villi?
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Rate of loss of cells from the tip vs rate of crypt cell regeneration
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When will villi be blunted?
When will they be fused? |
When the cells are lost faster than they can be regenerated.
Cryptosporidium parvo --> fusion |
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What do the umbilical arteries and vein become?
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Round lgg of bladder
Falciform lg of liver |
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Describe an umbilical infection?
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Big, swollen, edematous
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How can an umbilival infection lead to liver abscesses?
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Infection of the umbilical vein can ascend up thr falciform ligament
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Why do short villi result in malabsorptive diarrhea?
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Loss of surface area
The cells at the tips of the villi are the mature ones that secrete digestive enzymes and allow sodium co-transport |
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What causes hypersecretion by the crypt cells?
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Toxins that stimulate adenylate cyclase activity & production of cAMP.
cAMP opens Cl gates --> secretion of sodium and water into the intestinal lumen |
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Enteropathogenic bacteria are either...
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Invasive or enterotoxigenic
Invasive damage intestinal epithelium --> diarrhea Enterotoxigenic = noninvasively attach to epithelium & elaborate enterotoxins...whatever that means.... Anyway they fuck with the gut plexuses --> stimulation of secretion by the crypt cells |
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What are three invasive bacteria?
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SEC
Salm E coli Campy |
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What is the result of invasive enteropathogenic bacteria?
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Inflamm, exidation, bleeding, mucus secretion. Possibly bacteremia (systemic)
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What causes calf scours?
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RECC
Rota E coli Corona Crypto |
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When is a calf most likely to develop diarrhea?
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7-21 days (earlier with E coli) vs RCC
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When are calves most likely develop diarrhea from Salm & Clostridium & Rotavirus
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7-14 days oldish
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What do calves over 3 months old get?
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Coccidia
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When are they susceptible to the viruses...rota vs corona?
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Rota is 1-2 weeks old
Corona is 1-3 weeks old (technically starting at 5 days old) |
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What are the three forms of E coli?
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Enterotoxigenic
Attaching & Effacing Septicemic |
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What levels of TP do we consider good passive transfer vs FPT?
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>6 g/dL is good
<5 is FPT & you prob have to give him plasma transfusio (these numbers are accurate by 48 hours old) |
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When you have a sick calf what do you have to check every day, several tims a day?
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Joints and umbilicus...and eyes! (hypopyon is sign of septicemia)
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What kind of diarrhea does E coli cause?
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Secretory
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Why are babies under 5 days old so susceptible to E coli?
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Cause as they get older, their enterocytes mature and become less immune to E coli pili
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What are the two major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic E coli?
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Fimbriae (K99 pilli)
Enterotoxins (LT & ST) |
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What a key words to remember about enterotoxigenic E coli vs A&E vs Septicemic E coli?
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Enterotoxigenic = <5days old, secretory diarrha
Attaching & Effacing = mucohemorrhagic diarrhea & abdominal pain Septicemic = FPT, meningitis, hypopyon |
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Which two types of E coli cause cytotoxic damage to the intestinal mucoa and therefore pain and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea?
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Attaching & Effacing E coli &
Shiga Toxin-Peoduxing E coli |
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Why does A&E E coli cause abdominal pain?
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Cause the cecum is all ulcerated
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T/F. Similar to septicemic E coli, Salmonella can enter the bloodstream, causing bacteremia.
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True
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T/F. E coli enterotoxins (thermolabile and thermostable) cause down regulation of cAMP, --> secretion into lumen.
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False. They upregulate cAMP
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What E coli produces mucohemorrhagic colitis?
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Attaching & EffaciNg or Shiga Toxin-Producing E coli
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What age group is affected by attaching & effacing E coli?
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2-28 days old!
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What is the main clinical sign of meningitis?
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Intense ridiculous pain in response to simply touching their topline (awwww)
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Resistance to E coli is acquired from:
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Colostrum
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What causes pus in the anterior chamber of the eye? What is this called?
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Septicemia --> hypopyon
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Definitive diagnosis of E coli?
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Fecal xulture and ELIS serotyping K99 pili
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How is salmonella shedded?
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Not just fecal, but also urine and nasal secretions (basically anything the baby comes in contact with will have Salmonella on it if you dont have good biosecurity)
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What are the two commonest isolates of Salmonella?
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Dublin (host-adapted to cows)
Typhimurium (very zoo) |
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What does E coli diarrhea look like!
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Pineapple juice
(can be mucohemorrhagic) |
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What does Salmonella diarrhwa look like?
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Fibrinous, mucosa, blood
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What major clinical signs does Salmonella cause?
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Mucofibrinous diarrhea with blood in it
Pneumonia Meningitis |
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How odl are calves affected by Salmonella?
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Over a week old
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How does she test for Salmonella?
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S/O fecal culture q3 days. Take a mesenteric or SI lumph node out for culture at necropsy
PCR |
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Where does Salmonella live?
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Intracellularly
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Why not treat Salmonella patients with antibiotics?
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Cuse then youll kill off the normal gut flora and there will be nothing to keep the Salmonella in check
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There are three types of Clostridium perfringens...what do they cause
A C D |
A --> anemia (HBS), abomasitis
C --> calf diarrhea D --> Overeating dz aka puply kidney in smR |
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Wo does C perf A affect and how do you manage this disease?
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Baby CALVES...well, you prevent the disease thru better milk management
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Who gets C perf C? What causes it?
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Calves under 3 weeks old
Overeating or abrupt feed changes --> GI dysmotility --> soluble carbs stuck in gut --> osmotic pull |
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Colostrum contains trypsin inhibitors.
Benefit and disadvantage of this? |
Benefit = Immunoglobulinsnarent broken down
Disadvantage...neither are beta-toxins |
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T/F. Eventually beta-toxins from C perf leads to SI necrosis
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Yah
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Is fecal culture a good choice for diagnosing Closteidium?
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No it is difficult to culture Clostridium
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T/F. Many babies are found acutely dead from clostridium
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True
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What is THE most common cause of diarrhea in babies?
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Rotavirus
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What kind of diarrhea does rotavirus cause?
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Malabsorptive (from villous atrophy/hypoplasia) & secretory (from entertoxigenic effect)
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Which lasts longer--rota or coronavirus?
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Corona
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Coronavirus can cause respiratory infections in young or olderk calves?
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Older...but upper respiratory signs (rhinitis, sneezing, coughing)--no pneumonia
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Who sheds corona?
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The adults
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How does corona cause diarrhea?
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Stunting & fusion of villi in SI & LI --> impaired absorption
Undigested lactose in the lumen --> BOG, fermentation, lactate production, and osmotic diarrhea (malabs, secr, osmotic washout) (ok so corona can also cause fusing of the villi) |
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Which two pathogens like to cause a mucohemmorhagic diarrhea?
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A&E E coli and Corona
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Diagnostic testing for Corona = what two tests?
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ELISA & PCR....aka shit I still dont fully understand haa
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What causes autoinfection?
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Sporulation of cryptosporidium within the intestine (vs coccidia)
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How do you treat Cryptosporidium?
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All you can do is support them
(possibly azithromycin?) |
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Tell me about Crypto infections in calves over 4 mos.
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Theyre asymptomatic
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Where does crypto esoecially like to cause blunting and fusion of the villia.
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Distal SI
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How do you stain Cryptosporidium?
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Acid fast
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Hich two pathogens cause fusion of the villi?
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Corona and Crypto (the two Cs)
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T/F. Like dogs, you can treat cows with Metronidazole is they have giardia.
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False--its illegal. You can use FBZ but its not very good
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What form of of coccidia and crypto do calves eat to get infected?
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Encysted sporulated oocysts
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The PPP of coccidia is 2-3 weeks, so how old are calves when they break with diarrhea?
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At least 3 weeks old (up to 6 mos)
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Like all the other shit in this packet, coccidia causes diarrhea. What are distinguishing CS?
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Tenesmus and rectal prolapse
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What is the treatment for coccidia?
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Sulfonamides (albon) or amprolium (in the water)
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How do you diagnose Coccidia?
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Fecal float (with centrifuge)
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Who has a double cyst wall?
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Coccidia
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What is the type of coccidia cows get?
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Eimeria bovis & zuernii
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What form of coccidis gets shit out?
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Unsporulated oocysts
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Why is dystocia a risk for neonatal diarrhea?
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They might get fucked up and not be able to suckle = FPT.
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Who is more likely to have dystocia AND lower quality colosteum?
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Primiparum cows (first time moms) = double whammy for that calf
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How do you use a colostrometer?
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Room temp milk
Measures the specific gravity, which is directly related to the amount of Ig in there |
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Why wouls metabolic acidosis causw bradycardia?
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Cause the body is hiding H+ in the cells, in exchange for K+ --> hyperkalemia --> messed up memrbane potential --> bradycardia
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What are 7 signs of sepsis?
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Scleral injection
Petechiae Fever (or hypothermic) Swollen umbilicus Swollen joints Hypopyon Meningitis |
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If you have an acidemic baby, how do you determine how much bicarb to put in her fluids?
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BW(0.6)(Base Deficit) = mEq bicarb
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Whats the shock dose of fluids?
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80 ml/kg/first hour
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What four sources must be in oral fluids?
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Sodium
Shit to allow for absorption of sodium and water Alkalnizing agents Energy source |
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What is the best alkalinizing source for oral fluids?
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Propionate or acetate
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Why iare propionate or acetate the best alkalinizing agents for oral fluids? (4)
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Stimulate sodium & water abs in the SI
Do not alkalinize the abomasum Inhibit Salmonella growth Produce energy when metabolized |
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Which amino acids facilitate sodium abosorption and provide energy?
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Glycine
Alanine Glutamine (neutral aa's) |
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Why should you avoid super hyperosmotic oral fluids?
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Cause the effective osmolality at the tip of the intestinal villus is 600.... I dont get it?
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Why does glucose enhance sodium and water absorption?
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It is co-transported with sodium
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What antibiotic do we NOT give to a scouring calf?
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Enrofloxacin (not allowed to)
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Why are antibiotics useful for scouring calves?
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Cause the bacteria likes to enter the bloodstream thru the damaged gut wall
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How long should little dairy calves be kept in indicidual pens for?
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For the first month of life (this doesnt apply to beef calves which are out on pasture with their moms)
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Who are you going to treat first--the healthy calves or the sick ones?
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Well I would assume the dying one...but in general healthy then sick to avoid spreading germs
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What is proper milk intake for a newboen calf?
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10% of bodyweight
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What is the most important factoe in milk replacement?
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Peotwin aource
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What is the best protein source for milk replacer?
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Whey
Whey protein concentrate Skim milk Casein Dried whole milk Buttermilk Plasma and serum proteins |
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Whatis the least digestible protein?
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Soy flour (sounds disssssgusting)
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What is the mst common nutrient profile for milk replacers?
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20% protein and 20% fat
Less than 0.20% fiber |
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In which conditions should you feed a calf more?
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Cold
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In which three states does calcium exist in the body?
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Complexed, eg bone or albumin
Free ionized |
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In the bloodstream, is more Ca ionized or bound to albumin?
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Ionized (55% vs 35% bound to albumin)
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What happens with acidosis and calcium levels?
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% ionized Ca increases (because all the excess H+ pushes it off albumin)
The opposite happens with alkalosis |
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What are the 6 major functions of Ca in the body?
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Dampens nerve impulse transmission
ACh release at NMJs Muscular contraction Brain activity via NE & ACH release Insulin release Bone |
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What are the 6 major signs of hypocalcemia based on those 6 functions?
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Twitching
Flaccid paralysis Weak muscle contraction (skeletal & cardiac) Coma Hyperglycemia Osteoporosis |
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What happens to the heart/CVS with hypocalcemia?
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Contractility of the jeart decreases, so HR & peripheral vascular resistance increases to try to maintain BP
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Where is Ca absorbed?
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Duodenum (along ith P)
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What are the major physiologic processes that demand Ca ad Mg?
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Fetus and lactation
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What are the three main controls of Ca regulation in the body?
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PTH
Vit D Calcitonin |
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What are the 4 effects of PTH?
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Bone reasorption which increasea Ca & P
Conversion to active Vit D Resorption of Ca By kidney Drool & pee out P |
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PTH is released when there are low levels of Ca in the ECF. Why does PTH cause excretion of P thru the saliva and urine?
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Because P competes with Ca...for what Im not sure. But if you decrease the amount of P, ionized Ca will rise.
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Vit D deficiency in young vs adults is called...
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Rickets vs osteoporosis
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What are the two effects of Calcitonin?
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Bone deposition
Calcium loss thru the urine |
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When do the majority of Milk Fever cases occur?
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Within 24 houra after calving
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Which breed is most susceptible to milk fever?
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Jerseys
(guernseys > holsteins/brown swiss > ayshires, milking shorthorns less so) |
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What are the four risk factors for development of milk fever?
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Breed (jerseys)
Parity (multiparous more likely to get it) Milk production (peak lactation occurs something like 3-6 years old...ish) Age (older cows more susceptible) |
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What are the two reasons a 5 year old cow is more susceptible to milk fever than a heifer?
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Older cows are less responsive to PTH & Vitamin D
Older cows' Ca stores are less easily mobilized |
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What is the order of decreasing frequency of time of occurrence of milk fever (that is possibly not in english)?
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Within 24 hours of calving
1-2 days after calving At calving, esp with dystocia |
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T/F There are 4 distinct stages of milk fever.
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False. 3. Every single time I have a false answer I say it in Dwight Schrutes voice. Every. Single. Time.
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What are the key words for thr three stages of milk fever?
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1: excitable, tachycardia
2: S curve, cold ears 3: Lateral recumbency, tachytachycardia |
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Why do cows actually die from hypocalcemia?
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Respiratory or cardiac failure
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Why do hypocalcemic cows get tachycardic with cool extremities?
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Cause their heart contractility is very decreased, so HR increases and peripheral vasoconstricition to maintain BP
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Oops I forgot a keyword for stage 2/3 milk fever
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Bloat!!!
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You are called to a farm for a cow with "cold ears" that is off feed. She is recumbent, got that S curve to her neck, is tachycardic etc. You see no reason to run any labwork before starting treatment...what shoud you do before tho??
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Pull blood so you have it!
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T/F. Acute depletion of bound calcium --> hypocalcemia.
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False...acute depletion of ionized Ca --> hypocalcemia
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Whats the deal with dry period and Milk Fever?
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You want the cow to have relatively low levels of Ca in her diet. Why? So that PTH & Vit D are already turned on before she starts lactating and demanding loads of Ca
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How long does it take for Vit D and PTH to turn on?
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1 & 2 days respectively. Thats why we want them to have low calcium levels for a couple weeks before calving--so that PTH & Vit D a ALREADy on
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Why do cows tend to have a slighly alkaline blood pH?
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Cause their forage is so high in K+
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Whats that word about anionic salts and diet?
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DCAD
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Whats the DCAD formula (you know that very very basic one)
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(Na + K) - (Cl + S)
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How do you treat milk fever?
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1-2 bottles of IV Calcium borogluconate (23%)
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What do you have to be careful of during IV Ca infusion?
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Dont give it too fast or the ciw will get bradycardic.
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Why will the cow get bradycardic if you give IV Ca too fast?
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With too much Ca, the contractiloty of the heart increasea big time, therefore the HR decreases!
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About how much IV Ca shouls you administer over what time period?
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About 1 bottle per 20 min or so...might need another bottle too
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How many cows relapse with Milk Fever?
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25-30%! Within 24 hours of treatment
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If 1/4 cows with Milk Fever are goin to relapse, youre going to seriously work on preventing that from happening. How?
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Oral or subq Ca (in addition to the IV Ca you gave)
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What can you NEVER give subq?
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Dextrose!
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What are the two potential side effects of giving Ca orally?
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Oral erosions
Aspiration pneumonia |
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What kind of acid-base effect do anionic salts have on the cow?
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Mildly acidifying
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What is the effect of acidosis on calcium levels? We talked about this before.
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The excess H+ push Ca off the albumin, increasing free (ionized Ca). This is beneficial in preventing milk fever from occurring.
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What is the most important ion in the DCAD equation?
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K+
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What does Mg have to do with PTH?
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Its required for normal PTH release. Therefore, we want diets with adequate levels of Mg in it during the dry period.
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Qhat are the 6 basic functions of Mg in the body?
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Bone
Membranes ATP Buffer RBC metab (2,3 DPG) Reproduction |
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Oops a couple more about Milk fever risk factors...
What is the optimal urinary pH for a pregnant or lactating Jersey cow? |
5.5-6!! You want her acidic to decrease the chancea of hypocalcemia. Remember, Jerseys are most at risk for Milk Fever.
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What is the dangerous urinary pH value--high high risk of developing Milk Fever?
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Over 8!
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OptimL acidification occurs at urinary pH in which range?
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5.5-6.5
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Where is the majority of rumen phosphorous excreted?
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From the saliva (little in the urine)
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What is a benefit of hacing so much P in the saliva?
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When they swallow the saliva, the rumen bacteria use it for ATP production = recycling of P
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What are the effects of PTH & Vitamin D on phosphorus?
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PTH --> P in the saliva and urine
Vitamin D --> increased absorption of Ca & P |
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What are the three mineral deficiencies we see in cows and covered in this lecture?
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Hypocalcemia (milk fever)
Mypomagnesemia (fever) Hypophosphatemia (PP Hburia) |
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You go to the farm to treat a recently calved cow that you assume has hypocalcemia. She does not respond to the IV Ca.
What do you suspect now? |
Hypophosphatemia--luckily you pulled blood before initiating treatment with the IV Ca so you can check for it
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How do cows with hypophosphatemia look?
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Alert
Weak Cant stand--creeper cows! |
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I think i misspoke before... Hypophosphatemia is a COMPLICATION OF hypocalcemia.
Why? |
Cause with hypoCa, PTH is released. PTH --> increased P excretion thru saliva and urine --> hypoP
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Who goose steps?
Who shifts from leg to leg? Who creeps? |
Goose stepping = early hypoMg
Shifting = early hypoCa Creepin = hypoP |
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How do you treat hypoP?
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IV sodium monophosphate or IV fleet enema (still craxks me up)
Also make sure to give oral Sodium monophosphate to maintain plasma P levels & prevent recurrence |
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What does severe, prolonged hypoP result in?
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Hemolysis due to decreased levels of 2,3-DPG --> hemoglobinuria
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As follow-up treatment to hypoP, what kind of food should be fed?
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Grain (its P-rich) and then give dicalcium phosphate
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When is a blood transfusion indicated?
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If PCV drops below 10%!
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If hemoglobinuria is present, how do you treat?
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IV and oral phosphorus of course AND IV FLUIDS. You need to cause diuresis to flush the body of Hb (its a nephrotoxin)
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How do you prevent hypoP?
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Maintain adequate P levels in the prepartum diet
Prevent milk fever (because it likes to occur secondary to milk fever due to All the PTH release) |
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What will labwork of a postparturient hemoglobinuria cow show?
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Anemia, Heinz Bodies
Hemoglobinuria Cu/Se deficiency |
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Cheonic dietary deficiency of P in young animals causes...
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Rickets
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What are some skeletal abnormalities associated with Rickets?
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Cupped epiphyses
Bendy bones Enlarged CCJs = string of pearls or rachitic rosary |
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In an animal with Rickets, what is the Ca:P ratio in the bone?
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Normal ratio!! Just decreased levels overall
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What is Mg's primary role in the body? (one word answer)
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Cofactor!
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What are Mg's four roles in the body?
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Release of PTH
ACh release at NMJ CNS...inhibits nT release Bone |
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Based on the following roles of Mg:
PTH release ACh release at NMJ CNS inhibition, What does hypoMg result in? |
Decreased PTH release --> hypoCa
Neuromuscular blockade Irritability, convulsions |
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Which hormones regulate Mg homeostasis?
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None
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To keep ECF concentrations of Mg from falling too low...
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The animal must ingest Mg from the diet on a fairly regular basis
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