Sgu Svm Large Animal Surgery Post Midterm

Front 1

What might result from wounds involving the coronary band?

Back 1

Abnormal hoof development

Front 2

True or false. You should debride a coronary band wound as soon as possible.

Back 2

False. Wait several days so you can more accurately determine what the devitalized tissue is

Front 3

Removal of _________ of the coronary band usually results in regeneration of a normal coronary band.

Back 3

Less than one inch

Front 4

True or false. A snug pressure bandage is required for optimum healing of coronary band wound.

Back 4

True. Also, dont encircle the entire coronary band with it...wrap the wound to e opposite hoof wall. Visualize it

Front 5

True or false. Small puncture wounds of the tendon sheath are a big deal.

Back 5

True. Dont delay treatment

Front 6

Wheres the great digital sheath?

Back 6

Something about mid-metacarpus to almost P3

Front 7

If the wound is more than ten hours old and there is adequate tissue to close without undue tension... How are you going to close it

Back 7

Delayed closure

Front 8

What if you have small puncture wounds in the tendon sheath that have recently occurred? Vhow should you treat?

Back 8

Medically. Put on antibiotics and consider regional limb perfusion.

Front 9

How will you allow an open tendon sheath to heal if theres not enough tissue to suture it up?

Back 9

Via epithelialization and contracture... Fair prognosis

Front 10

What do you do if a horses tendon sheath is infected and CLOSED?

Back 10

Establish drainage!

Prognosis...pasture sound, maybe rideable

Front 11

True or false. Most horses used to be killed if they had an established infection in a closed tendon sheath.

Back 11

True

Front 12

When youve got a horse with an encircling wound, what do you always check for?

Back 12

Check for wire (or whatever) in the wound...with your bare finger!

Front 13

Whats the most common foreign body in horses?

Back 13

Wood

Front 14

When would you use methylene blue with foreign bodies?

Back 14

Infuse it into the tract to stain all the involved tissue (and the wood too)

Front 15

When do you establish drainage of an abscess?

Back 15

When the abscess matures, ie goes from firm to fluctuant

Front 16

Why do ultrasound on an abscess?

Back 16

To determine the most ventral involement

Front 17

What should you use in cattle abscesses that you dont use in horses or other livestock?

Back 17

Stuff the abscess with caustics to destroy the abscess wall

Front 18

What are indolent wounds

Back 18

Wounds that dont heal beyond a certain point

Front 19

What 4 etiologies do indolent wounds have

Back 19

1. Poor nutritional state
2. Epithelial fatigue (in large wounds where epithelium had to proliferate a lot)
3. Chronic infection
4. Overexuberant efforts to prevent excess granulation tissue

Front 20

What are some products we can use to prevent excess granulation tissue from developing?

Back 20

Steroids, caustics, DMSO

Front 21

What are indolent wounds

Back 21

Wounds that dont heal beyond a certain point

Front 22

What are some products we can use to prevent excess granulation tissue from developing?

Back 22

Steroids, caustics, DMSO

Front 23

A wound in which area most commonly pumps gas, creating subcutaneous air?

Back 23

axilla

Front 24

Do you ever give Banamine IM?

Back 24

helllll no.. Bangs told me a story about a horse that was destroyed by that... said he looked like he was slashed by a machete it was so bad

Front 25

What do IM Banamine injections tend to result in?

Back 25

clostridial infection --> subcutaneous air --> muscle slough --> death

Front 26

Clostridia are gas-forming bacteria that infect deep tissues and are very benign. True or false.

Back 26

False. Clostridia are gas-forming bacteria that infect deep tissues and are life threatening!

Front 27

What causes black leg in cattle?

Back 27

hematogenous spread of clostridial organisms (C. chauvenii)

Front 28

There are three things that cause subcutaneous air. What are they and which do you treat conservatively vs aggressively?

Back 28

wounds that pump air (eg wounds to the axilla), wounds in the resp tract, and secondary to a clostridial infection.

The first two don't require much, maybe just restrict their movement for a couple days?

Front 29

What 2 sequelae do you expect from clostridial infections?

Back 29

muscle slough and death

Front 30

How do you treat a clostridial infection?

Back 30

Debride and drain (remember clostridim is an anaerobic organism so you want to open that wound up). High dose penicillin.

Front 31

What is the most common skin tumor of the horse?

Back 31

sarcoid

Front 32

What age do you see sarcoids?

Back 32

3-6, usually not much after 15

Front 33

What is the leukocyte (WBC) antigen linked to sarcoids?

Back 33

W13

Front 34

Excisional removal of sarcoids is frequently associated with recurrence. True or false.

Back 34

True

Front 35

True or false. Viral DNA is only found in skin infected with a sarcoid.

Back 35

False. The viral DNA can be found in normal healthy skin, too.

Front 36

True or false. Face and distal limbs = sarcoids.

Back 36

True. They can also be found on the ventral abdomen or anywhere there was previous injury...whatever

Front 37

How do you remember the types of sarcoids from mild to aggressive?

Back 37

oven radio!!

(OVN FM)

Front 38

What are the types of sarcoid, from mild to aggressive?

Back 38

occult
verrucous
nodular
fibroblastic
malevolant (it sounds evil)

Front 39

What do malevolant sarcoids do?

Back 39

they rapidly infiltrate locally via fascial planes (remember those?) and vessels

Front 40

True or false. Sarcoids usually occur singly.

Back 40

Well, true. But 33% of horses with one sarcoid will have multiple sarcoids.

Front 41

True or false. When biopsying a sarcoid, it may appear more malignant than it actually is.

Back 41

True

Front 42

In the management of sarcoids, freezing is useless. True or false.

Back 42

False. "Freezing is probably as effective as anything"

Front 43

How do you perform cryosurgery to remove a sarcoid?

Back 43

Freeze w/ liquid nitrogen (-20degrees), let thaw, then freeze again!

Front 44

What do you have to warn the owner about after you do cryosurgery to remove a sarcoid?

Back 44

tissue sloughing (normal result)

Front 45

What are the 7 basic ways to treat sarcoids?

Back 45

cryosurgery, chemical cautery, immune stimulation, drugs that interfere w/ cell development, laser surgery, sharp surgical dissection, and radiation.

Front 46

When would you try to induce immune stimulation in the treatment of sarcoids (vs doing cryosurgery)?

Back 46

when cryosurgery would be disfiguring, ie if the sarcoid was around the eye or ear

Front 47

What are Regressin V, BCG, and mammalian tuberculin all considered?

Back 47

acid-fast bacterial cell wall infiltrates...immune stimulators for the treatment of sarcoids

Front 48

What is cisplatin?

Back 48

A chemo drug; it interferes w/ cell development, and can be used in the treatment of sarcoids.

Front 49

True or false. Surgical dissection, with wide margins, is probably the best treatment of sarcoids.

Back 49

False! Recurrence is high even if you had wide margins.

Front 50

True or false. Radiation is expensive; however, it is probably one of the best treatments for sarcoids.

Back 50

True

Front 51

Where do SCC most commonly occur?

Back 51

@ mucocutaneous junctions, esp the eye, perineum, prepuce, glans penis, and head

Front 52

If Carson the horse had a squamous cell carsonoma, what would his ideal treatment plan consist of?

Back 52

wide surgical excision with post-op radiation.

Front 53

True or false. SCC occur mostly in grays and chestnuts.

Back 53

False. Melanomas occur mostly in light-colored horses.

Front 54

True or false. Melanomas occur mostly in grays and chestnuts.

Back 54

True

Front 55

The hind end of the horse is the most likely site of melanomas (tail head, anus, perineum, external genitalia). What is another (random) location they might occur?

Back 55

the parotid salivary gland

Front 56

Whats BETTER, a small melanoma on a gray horse or a small melanoma on a bay?

Back 56

melanomas on gray horses have a better prognosis than on darker horses (and thank goodness because these are the horses that are usually getting them)

Front 57

Is it necessary to send out a biopsy on a suspected melanoma?

Back 57

Probably not...gross appearance, color, and area of involvement are usually adequate to make a diagnosis...histological confirmation is not usually necessary

Front 58

True or false. Verrucous dermatitis just involves the skin.

Back 58

True

Front 59

When you have a chronic villus proliferative growth that involves the frog vs the heel vs the pastern vs the fetlock and pastern, what do you name them?

Back 59

canker, grease heel, scratches, grapes (grapes?! seriously?!! effing disgusting)

Front 60

With verrucous dermatitis, where do lesions tend to be more proliferative?

Back 60

when they're grapes aka involving the pastern and fetlock

Front 61

Verrucous dermatitis is associated with filthy or wet conditions. You will not see it in well-cared for horses. True or false.

Back 61

Almost true. You rarely see it in well cared-for animals.

Front 62

What is the treatment of choice for verrucous dermatitis?

Back 62

radical surgical excision of all diseased tissue

Front 63

An owner calls you down to the farm. His horse has a huge thickened scar above his fetlock. He tells you he cut himself on a piece of wire a couple months ago and he's been taking care of it himself but it's just not healing right. What do you call this lesion and how do you suspect he's been treating the wound?

Back 63

Keloid. Caustics to prevent excessive granulation tissue. And he didn't bandage the limb.

Front 64

True or false. Keloids are the result of an improperly managed wound, i.e. overzealous application of caustics to prevent excess granulation tissue, and inadequate protection from the environment.

Back 64

True

Front 65

Surgical excision of a keloid is the only way to get rid of the problem. What if it's on the distal limb and there's not much tissue to close the defect?

Back 65

Apply emollients daily to increase the pliability of the area.

Front 66

What is a common sequela to laminitis?

Back 66

pressure sores

Front 67

What kind of bedding is NOT appropriate for a laminitic horse, or one that is going to be lying down a lot?

Back 67

pine bedding--the turpentine on the wood chips helps create pressure sores

Front 68

Where do pressure sores tend to occur on a horse?

Back 68

over bony prominences

Front 69

What are 3 common complications associated with burns?

Back 69

laminitis, shock, respiratory infection

Front 70

What organism likes to complicate burn wounds?

Back 70

pseudomonas

Front 71

What are 3 topicals that help kick Pseudomonas' ass when it's invaded burn wounds?

Back 71

silver (like silver sulfadiazene)
gentamicin
dilute vinegar

idk if they poured vinegar into rooms' eye but i remember them using gentamicin!

Front 72

What is a dentigerous cyst?

Back 72

ummm sooo i prob should have paid attention to this lecture. my understanding is it's a freakin tooth in the ear?! as a result of incomplete closure of the 1st branchial cleft? i have no idea

Front 73

What CS would you see with a dentigerous cyst?

Back 73

intermittent drainage at the base of the ear

Front 74

Are dentigerous cysts a cause of lameness?

Back 74

haha no they're on the head

Front 75

What's the only way to get rid of a dentigerous cyst and when would you do this?

Back 75

complete surgical removal but only if the owner thinks it's too ugly (they're just blemishes!)

Front 76

True or false. Castration makes my bacon taste good.

Back 76

true. castration improves the flavor of pork

Front 77

Prime beef is apparently better when it's marbled? What do you do to bulls in order to make them produce higher quality meat?

Back 77

castrate

Front 78

Who had to be fed longer for good carcass quality--steers or bulls?

Back 78

Steers, they have a decreased rate of feed efficiency.

Front 79

What has been developed to improve steers' poor rate of feed efficiency?

Back 79

implants containing trenbelone acetate + estradiol

Front 80

Why am I going to castrate my goat kids at a very young age?

Back 80

so their smelly scent glands don't develop!

Front 81

Who's gonna hemorrhage and who's gonna herniate post-castration?

Back 81

Old men bleed, young men herniate

Front 82

The younger a bull calf, the less stressful having his testicles ripped out of his body is. What's the only real adverse effect in castrating these guys young?

Back 82

Their urethral isn't developed yet so it'll always be narrower...this can lead to problems w/ calculi obstruction

Front 83

When are colts usually gelded?

Back 83

About 2 years old. This way they look macho & their balls are in the sac.

Front 84

When are you going to be called to the farm to castrate piggies, kids, and lambs?

Back 84

Within the first 2 weeks after birth

Front 85

So you go to Bacon Heaven Farms to castrate some piglets. They're munching on some spoiled sweet clover that the farmer's boy feeds them every day, and their pen is filthy. Are you going to castrate them?

Back 85

Probably, but the answer on the test is NO

Front 86

You're gonna castrate some colt for some hillbilly that lives in the woods. You decide to do it with the horse standing. What are some disadvantages of this position?

Back 86

You might get hurt because restraint isn't as reliable. If there are surgical complications they're going to be more difficult to manage than if the colt was in lateral recumbency.

Front 87

I'm right handed because I'm not a freak. How would I position a colt in lateral recumbency for castration?

Back 87

left lateral recumbency

Front 88

Besides giving xylazine for sedative (& analgesic) purposes, how might you provide further analgesia for equine castration?

Back 88

Infuse testicle and spermatic cord w/ locals. Infuse locals subcutaneously in the scrotum.

Front 89

A couple decades ago they used to spay cats by hanging them upside down and cutting them open without analgesia. Today that would be considered barbaric.

True or false: bulls, ovine, caprine, and small piggies are not commonly given anesthesia for castration in N. America.

Back 89

True.

Front 90

How do you have your assistant restrain ovine and caprine for castration?

Back 90

In an upright position with their weight on their but and the rear limbs firmly flexed.

Front 91

How do you restrain little piggies for castration?

Back 91

Hold them up by their rear legs w/ their heads firmly cradled between your legs. Why? Because it fucking hurts and they're gonna try to bite you. Also because they're little shits and would prob try to bite you anyway..

Front 92

What is the only food animal that vets and farmers give anesthesia to for castration?

Back 92

mature boars

Front 93

What's the difference between open and closed castration?

Back 93

incising the common vaginal tunic

Front 94

What's it called when you use an emasculator on the entire spermatic cord, including the common vaginal tunic?

Back 94

closed castr

Front 95

When you cut the spermatic cord without ligating it, what cavity are you opening?

Back 95

peritoneal cavity

Front 96

Which technique (open or closed) allows for more effective compression of the testicular artery prior to division by the emasculator?

Back 96

open

Front 97

With open castration in food animals, do you leave the common vaginal tunic or remove it after it's been incised and the testicles removed from it?

Back 97

either or

Front 98

How do you supply local anesthesia to the equine scrotum and spermatic cord?

Back 98

Line block ventral aspect of the scrotum (both sides) then stick about 20cc locals into each testicle (much easier than injecting directly into the spermatic cord)

Front 99

Your initial scrotal incision should go through what two layers?

Back 99

scrotal skin and dartos muscle.

Front 100

After you've bluntly dissected your common vaginal tunic from the CT, where do you incise the vaginal tunic?

Back 100

just dorsal to the anterior pole of the testicle

Front 101

When doing an open castration on a mature stallion, what should you do before emasculating?

Back 101

ligate the vascular component of the spermatic cord (remember the old guys like to bleed)

Front 102

True or false. When we castrated the dogs we ligated proximally and cut distally.

When putting the emasculator on the spermatic cord, make sure the nut (the nut cuts) is distal and the crush is proximal...true or false.

Back 102

True
True

NUT TO NUT, 'CUZ THE NUT CUTS!

Front 103

True or false. Apply tension to the cord before cutting it with the emasculator.

Back 103

False

Front 104

Ventral drainage post-castration occurs thru what?

Back 104

The ventral skin incisions you made in the scrotum, so make sure they're big enough.

(some vets actually remove the median septum of the scrotum to make sure it can drain but that's usually not necessary)

Front 105

True or false. A colt should be rested for 2-3 days following castration.

Back 105

False! Rest him for 12 hours then ride his ass. He's not allowed to sit around feeling sorry for himself.

Front 106

What's THE most common post-op complication in equine castration and what is the usual cause?

Back 106

swelling and edema when the incision is not large enough to allow adequate ventral drainage

Front 107

Infection can occur days to months after castration. There are two chronic infections of the spermatic cord we discussed--champignon and scirrhous cord. What's the difference?

Back 107

Champignon = a streptococcus causing excess granulation tissue.

Scirrhous cord = staph causing enlargement and eventual drainage of the spermatic cord after the scrotum heals.

Front 108

Is bleeding post-castration normal?

Back 108

Yes! We only worry when it's a fast drip lasting >15 min post-op

Front 109

About how long does it take for a horse to clot?

Back 109

15 min. If a horse has a fast drip bleed >15 min post-op you have to find the source.

Front 110

What is the most common source of post-castration bleed in the colt? What are two less common sources?

Back 110

Testicular artery

Scrotal vessels or vessels in the cremaster muscle

Front 111

How could YOU cause hemorrhage from castration?

Back 111

Used an emasculator that's too sharp.
Applied the emasculator upside down (nut to nut DUMB)
Applied tension to the spermatic cord while cutting (bad!)
Incised the damn scrotum in the emasculator (what are you a Ross grad?)

Front 112

So you castrated a horse and 20 min later he's still got a lot of blood dripping from his scrotum. What do you do?

Back 112

ID the vessel and clamp it. Leave clamp on for 24 hours (lucky horse)

Front 113

What do you do if post-castration you cannot find the vessel that keeps bleeding?

Back 113

Stuff the scrotum with gauze and sew it shut. If it still doesn't stop, refer out.

Front 114

True or false. Animals with marked post-castration bleeding are at greater risk for post-op infections and should be given antibiotics prophylactically.

Back 114

True

Front 115

What does eventration mean and who is predisposed?

Back 115

Herniation (intestines come out). Young herniate, old men bleed!

Drafts, Standardbreds, Walking Horses are predisposed.

Front 116

What is an anatomical risk factor for post-castration herniation?

Back 116

an inguinal hernia

Front 117

True or false. Post-castration herniation of omentum is a death sentence.

Back 117

False. Omentum is usually ok, just remove it and cross-tie the horse under careful observation for the next two days.

Intestinal herniation (eventration) is the bad one.

Front 118

What is a preventative measure against post-castration herniation you could take and why does it work?

Back 118

Ligation of the spermatic cord in closed castration (instead of just crushing).

Why does it work? Because you're tying off the opening into the peritoneal cavity (where the intestines live) aka the vaginal tunic.

You could also close the external inguinal ring in high-risk horses (those that had/have inguinal hernias)

Front 119

What do you do if you're called back to the barn a few hours after surgery and the horse's intestines are hanging out of his sac?

Back 119

Clean them thoroughly, stuff them back in, and towel clamp the scrotum together til you can get him anesthetized or to the hospital.

If you can't shove them back up there, protect them with a "sling" of moist towels or drapes.

Front 120

How do you surgically fix herniated intestines thru the scrotum?

Back 120

Usually have to enlarge the inguinal ring to get them back in the peritoneal cavity, might even have to make a ventral midline incision and/or do a resection & anastamosis.

Front 121

True or false. Peritonitis is a usual complication of castration because when the vaginal tunic is opened you have a direct entry point into the peritoneal cavity.

Back 121

False. Peritonitis is an uncommon complication...but the other part is true

Front 122

If we suspect peritonitis from castration, we would do an abdomenocentesis. What do we look for?

Back 122

Bacteria and degenerative neutrophils. (cell numbers could be high like 100,000 without infectious peritonitis)

Front 123

What if you were a real clog and got the penis confused w/ the testicle during castration. What would you have to do?

Back 123

"correct the problem" haha.
Give him some NSAIDs to reduce the swelling & edema & support the penis if it's prolapsed.

Front 124

What's the definition of hydrocele?

Back 124

a non-painful accumulation of sterile fluid (peritoneal fluid) in the common vaginal tunic.

Front 125

Hydroceles are an uncommon post-op complication. What are you MORE likely to see them--with closed or open castration?

Back 125

Open castration, when the vaginal tunic is not removed

Front 126

Um, what are the four horse (?) terms describing a cryptorchid?

Back 126

high flank
rig
ridgling
original

Front 127

True or false. Ruminants often have abdominal testicles.

Back 127

False. If anything, they're subcutaneous and easily accessible.

Front 128

True or false. Swine get retained abdominal testicles but you're not going to bother doing anything about it cause it's not going to affect meat quality.

Back 128

True

Front 129

At birth, can you differentiate between testicle vs gubernaculum in a colt's scrotum? What's the clinical significance of this?

Back 129

No.

Colt may be reported to have dropped testicles at birth & then the owner will claim they got sucked back into the abdomen--no, it was the gubernaculum they felt at birth, not the testes.

Front 130

If a colt still has retained testicle by ____, it is very unlikely it's ever going to drop.

Back 130

2 years

Front 131

Can you ever see a retained testicle on ultrasound?

Back 131

yes

Front 132

How do you palpate a retained testicle?

Back 132

Deep palpation of the inguinal area (easier when horse is sedated) or rectal exam (can either palpate testicle in the abdomen or you might be able to feel the vas deferens going thru the internal inguinal ring)

Front 133

There are not many labs that are able to evaluate estrogen levels in horses. If you find a lab that does, what's the concentration that indicates there is NO testicular tissue, vs there is (in a horse over 3 years old)

Back 133

<100 estrogen = no testicle.

>400 there is

Front 134

We learned about hCG causing an increase in testosterone production. How do we interpret the findings?

Back 134

If no testosterone, there is no testicle. If there are testicles, testosterone will be high pre-injection and even higher post-hCG.

Front 135

True or false. Most cryptorchid horses have one testicle in their inguinal canal and the other in the scrotum.

Back 135

True

Front 136

Which equine testicle is retained more often?

Back 136

either

Front 137

If you have a cryptorchid horse and have determined via ultrasound that his retained testicle is close to the inguinal ring, how might you stimulate it to drop into the scrotum?

Back 137

hCG or GnRH because they stimulate LH secretion which stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete more testosterone.
Sometimes this makes the testicle just heavy/big enough to drop if it's already close to the ring.

Front 138

Surgical approaches to an inguinal testicle include inguinal, parainguinal, ventral midline, paramedian, or ______ approach.

Back 138

flank

Front 139

True or false. Bilaterally retained testicles can usually both be reached by a ventral midline approach, so two paramedian approaches are not usually necessary.

Back 139

True

Front 140

What is the major advantage of a flank approach for a retained testicle?

Back 140

It may be performed on a standing animal.

Front 141

A flank approach is appropriate for an inguinal or abdominal testicle?

Back 141

Abdominal, it is quite difficult to remove a testicle that is retained in the inguinal canal via a flank approach.

Front 142

Which is easier to repair under suture, the parainguinal area or the external inguinal ring?

Back 142

parainguinal

Front 143

How does a horse have to be positioned for inguinal or parainguinal approach?

Back 143

dorsal recumbency

Front 144

If you are doing surgery on a cryptorchid dog which testicle do you remove first?

Back 144

The retained testicle. Do abdominal surgery before you open up the dirty ball sac.

Front 145

Where do you make a parainguinal approach?

Back 145

medial and anterior to the external inguinal ring

Front 146

What are 3 techniques suggested to locate retained testicles if they are not in the inguinal canal?

Back 146

1. Tension on the inguinal extension of the gubernaculum
2. Pick up the vaginal process with sponge forceps
3. Insert your fingers thru the ruptured vaginal process and feel in the immediate area for the gubernaculum

Front 147

You have entered the abdominal cavity to located a retained testicle. What structure do you look for at the neck of the bladder?

Back 147

Vas deferens. Trace the ampulla distally to the vas deferens & then to the epididymis to finally reach the testicle.

Front 148

How do you close a parainguinal incision?

Back 148

Close the abdominal fascia with simple interrupted or continuous

Front 149

Why is closure of the inguinal ring difficult?

Back 149

Because youre working in a hole with reduced exposure.

Front 150

If the castration has been performed in less than ideal circumstances, what might be indicated during closure?

Back 150

Leave the subq and skin opened for both.

Or, you can leave the inguinal ring open, pack it with gauze, and only suture the skin closed. Remove sutures and gauze 2 days later. What closes the inguinal canal then? The inflammatory response..hopefully

Front 151

When stuffing gauze into the inguinal canal what do you have to be careful of?

Back 151

That it doesnt enter the abdominal cavity, do a rectal to check.

Front 152

How do you perform a standing laparotomy to remove a retained testicle?

Back 152

Sx prep of flank & umbilicus. Inflate abdomen with NO or CO2. Find testicle, ligate spermatic artery and vas deferns then leave the teste to atrophy or take it out (take it out)

Front 153

How do you perform a laparoscopic castration on a horse under GA?

Back 153

Trendelenburg position, which requires positive pressure ventilation! Go thru umbilicus. Ligate spermatic artery and vas deferens. Remove or leave testicle to atrophy.

Front 154

In domestic animals, inguinal hernias are usually indirect. What does this mean?

Back 154

The bowel goes thru the vaginal ring (vs thru a break in the peritoneum)

Front 155

When do you see acute irreducible inguinal hernias? What kind of treatment do they usually require?

Back 155

A stallion post-breeding.
Usually require emergency resection and anastamosis.

Front 156

What signs would a stallion have with acute irreducible inguinal hernia?

Back 156

Acute abdominal pain.
Youll feel int passing thru th internal inguinal ring on rectal palp.
Distended scrotum

Front 157

If a baby is born with a congenital scrotal hernia what should you do?

Back 157

Not breed him.
Foals may self correct or may require surgery. Pigs require surgical correction. Doesnt really happen in baby moos.

Front 158

If a stallion or bull has a chronic reducible inguinal hernia repair is elective, as there is no immediate risk of strangulation. What is the side effect of this condition?

Back 158

Marked reduction in fertility because of increased testicular temperature.

Front 159

So when would you elect to surgically repair a chronic reducible inguinal hernia?

Back 159

To maintain fertility in cattle. Since its heritable in horses and pigs, you should castrate them.

Front 160

What side do you usually see inguinal hernias in the bull?

Back 160

Left...cause they lay with their left HL stretched out, so it stretches out their left inguinal ring and leta shit herniate thru

Front 161

Can you correct an inguinal hernia in stallions without doing surgery?

Back 161

Yeah it could work. Have someone pull back on the testicle. Then milk the intestine proximally and do a rectal to shove/pull it back into the abdomen

Front 162

If non-surgical correction of an inguinal hernia is accomplished in the horse, what do you have to monitor for "post-op?"

Back 162

Make sure blood supply to the bowel hasnt been disrupted

Front 163

For surgical correction of an inguinal hernia...

Back 163

Incise over the external inguinal ring, dissect down to the common vaginal tunic, and open the tunic to assess the viability of the intestine.

Front 164

If herniated intestines are not viable, what is the best incision to make?

Back 164

Ventral midline

Front 165

If herniated intestine is viable, what do you do?

Back 165

Increase the size of the inguinal ring to place the intestine back into the abdomen.

Front 166

True or false. In stallions, we usually close the external ring under suture.

Back 166

True

Front 167

If a bulls scrotum has an hourglass appearance, what do you suspect?

Back 167

Inguinal hernia

Front 168

If a stallion has a slight rear limb lameness and digestive problems, what mightt you suspect?

Back 168

Inguinal hernia

Front 169

How do you get chronic inguinal herniated intestines back into the abdomen (in a stallion)?

Back 169

Dissect the tunic away from the scrotal fascia then TWIST the testicle til the intestines are forced peoximally! Gahhh what thE fuck well there ya go lets hope that thing is anesthetized.

Front 170

True or false. We usually castrate bulls when they have a chronic inguinal hernia.

Back 170

False. The involved testicle is usu not removed.

Front 171

How do we close the inguinal canal without producing excessive pressure on the spermatic cord...in bull?

Back 171

Suture the internal abdominal oblique muscle.

Front 172

Whats the difference between a direct and indirect approach to surgical correction of a bulls inguinal hernia?

Back 172

Direct is thru the scrotum, vs going theu the abdomen.

Front 173

Where will you make the abdominal incision for correction of a bulls inguinal hernia?

Back 173

Paralumbar fossa (on the involved side)

Front 174

True or false. The anterior aspect of the inguinal ring is partially closed when correcting a bulls inguinal hernia thru an abdominal approach.

Back 174

True

Front 175

What is the purpose of an ischial urethrotomy?

Back 175

To remove urethral or vesicular (bladder) calculi in the male.

Front 176

Your first call of the day requires you to perform an ischial urethrotomy on a horse. You make a midline incision just BELOW the anal sphincter, between the retractor peni mm, then continue your incision thru which 3 layers?

Back 176

Bulbospongiosus, corpus spongiosum, urethra.

Front 177

How do you suture an ischial urethrotomy closed?

Back 177

You dont, allow it to heal by second intention.

Front 178

True or false. Ischial urethrotomy is not associated with any significant postop complications.

Back 178

True

Front 179

If there is a calculi too large to remove thru an ischial urethrotomy, you can get it via an abdominal approach or pararectal approach.

What is one advantage and one negative aspect of each approach?

Back 179

Pararectal is a crude approach.

With the abdominal approach, its hard to get thr UB to the incision, so the abdominal cavity is usually contaminated with urine.

Front 180

Where is the pararectal incision for a cystotomy made?

Back 180

A vertical incision is made between the rectum and the semimembranosus muscle.

Front 181

Why do we have to use careful, blunt dissection between the semimembranosus and anal sphincter?

Back 181

To avoid damaging the pudendal a, v, n

Front 182

To perform a cystotomy via a pararectal approach, what segment of the UB would you incise.

Back 182

Retroperitoneal segment of the UB. Push the calculi in the UB back to this portion of the UB using your rectal hand.

Front 183

You can use massage, NSAIDs, diuretics to control swelling, and mild exercise +/- antibiotics to treat paraphimosis.

When would you not insert a probang into the preputial orifice to keep the penis in place?

Back 183

If there are breaks in the preputial skin (an abscess could develop)

Front 184

Phimosis is:

What species do we see it in?

Back 184

Swelling of the penis and prepuce which causes the penis to be stuck inside the prepuce.

See phimosis mostly in bulls, rarely in stallions.

Front 185

What are two etiologies of penile paralysis?

Back 185

Phenothiazine tranqs used in stallions.
Failure to adequately treat paraphimosis.

Front 186

What is Reefing and why do we do it?

Back 186

Circumcising a stallion to remove small growths or scar tissue (that havent extended deep into the dermis)

Front 187

True or false. General anesthesia is required for reefing.

Back 187

False. Small lesions can be removed using sedation and locals.
Large tissue removal requires GA and dorsal recumbency.

Front 188

When removing a large growth from an equine penis, what two layers do you close and how?

Back 188

Superficial fascia...simple interrupted with abs suture

Skin... Nonabs or abs suture

Front 189

After removing a big ol growth from a big ol ek-wan penis, what post-op instructions are you going to give the owner?

Back 189

No erection for a month! (3-4 weeks) so put a breeding ring on him and keep him awayyyyy from the ladies.

If nonabs skin sutures, remove in 10 days

Front 190

Whats a possible post-op complication after removing a growth from the penis?

Back 190

Hematoma which requires drainge

Front 191

JESUS when would you amputate a penis?! Two reasons

Back 191

Carcinoma involving structures deep to the skin.
Penile paralysis

Front 192

What surgery shpuld you perform before amputating the penis?

Back 192

Castration

Front 193

I you have a horse with oenile paralysis, are you going to retract his oenis (Boltz technique) or cut the damn thing off!?

Back 193

Boltz technique is better for penile paralysis

Front 194

If you choose to amputate a penis because of penile paralysis, what do you have to take into consideration before choosing your incision site?

Back 194

Avoid future urine scald or excoriation.

Front 195

What shape do you make your incision for penile amputation?

Back 195

Triangular

Front 196

During penile amputation, you use simple interrupted sutures to approximate which two structures?

Back 196

Urethra and skin

Front 197

True or false. Amputate the penis starting at the apex of the triangular incision so the cut edge of e ventral aspect of the penis is slightly anterior to the dorsal cut edge.

Back 197

False. Amputate thpenis starting at the BASE of the triangular incision, so that the cut edge at the DORSAL aspect of the penis is anterior to the ventral cut edge.

Front 198

You must ligate the branches of which artery when performing a penile amputation?

Back 198

Dorsal artery of the penis

Front 199

To close the stump of the penis after amputation, which layers do you include in your bite?

Back 199

Urethral wall
Tunica albuginea of the urethral wall
Tunica albuginea of other side
Skin

Front 200

Why might urine scald and excoriation result after penile amputation?

Back 200

If you cut off so much penis it cant extend out of the prepuce.

Front 201

True or false. A dissecting hematoma, granulomas, stenosis, inadequate ligatures or skin sutures can result in post-penile amputation complications.

Back 201

True

Front 202

What is the recent modification to penile amputation?

Back 202

Penile retroversion or partial phallectomy

Front 203

True or false. Before a penile retroversion surgery, sedate the horse with an epidural and block the dorsal nerves of the penis at the level of the ischial arch.

Back 203

True

Front 204

To perform the modified Vinsot technique for partial phallectomy, place a band just distal to the urethrotomy site, then do a urethrotomy, then remove the penis distal to the tubing.

How do you close the cut penis?

Back 204

Allow it to heal by secondary intention

Front 205

Before performing the Bolz Technique for retraction of the penis, what should you do?

Back 205

Castration at least one month prior.
(and remove any granulomatous growths if he has them)

Front 206

Whenever youre doing surgery on the penis you should pass a urinary catheter. True or false.

Back 206

True

Front 207

To perform the Bolz technique, where are you going to make your skin incision?

Back 207

On the midline just caudal to the castration incision (cause remember, you castrated him a month ago)

Front 208

For the Bolz technique, what two times do we adjust the stay sutures so the glans is just inside the preputial orifice?

Back 208

During surgery (in dorsal recumbency) then once hes standing.

Front 209

When suturing the preputial reflection, what structure do you have to be sure to avoid?

Back 209

The urethra

Front 210

What is the aim of the Bolz technique, aka how does it ensure the penis is retracted within thr sheath?

Back 210

To produce a firm adhesion between the prepuce and the skin and in this way maintain the penis in a retracted position.

Front 211

Pneumovag, the result of involuntary aspiration of air into the vag, is a result of what 4 possible etiologies?

Back 211

A faulty seal of the vulva due to:
1. Poor condition
2. Tipped vulva (old multiparous mares)
3. Inverted vulvar lips
4. Perineal lacerations

Front 212

What is Caslicks Technique for?

Back 212

Windsuckers!! Do it so they stop queefing, that shit is rude

Front 213

For Caslicks, why do we infiltrate the lips of the vulva with locals at the mucocutaneous junction?

Back 213

To provide anesthesia and to distend the tissue

Front 214

For Caslicks, where do we remove the band of skin and mucosa?

Back 214

At the mucocutaneous junction, from the most dorsal aspect of th vulva all the way down to the floor of the bony pelvis

Front 215

How does breeding commence after a Caslicks procedure?

Back 215

Youre going to have to remove the suture for natural breeding unless you placed a special breeding stitch at the ventral aspect (whatever that is).

After breeding you have to stitch her back up.

Front 216

What do you do around the time of foaling if a mares had the Caslicks?

Back 216

Open the suture line peior to foaling.

After the placenta passes, freshen up the edges of the vulva and suture it back shut again.

Front 217

If the vet down the road performed the Caslick and now the mare has urine pooling, what might he have done to cause this?

Back 217

Extended the closure too far ventrally.

Front 218

What are three post-Caslicks complications that may arise?

Back 218

Incomplete seal
Urine pooling
Suture sinus

Front 219

How can you eliminate the potential for suture sinus after a Caslicks?

Back 219

By not going thru thr vaginal mucosa when you suture her up.

Front 220

True or false. At foalingm, a mare thats had the Caslicks performed should be "opened, freshened, thn closed."

Back 220

True

Front 221

A variation to the Caslicks procedure involves just removing the _______ just slightly anterior to the mucocutaneous junction.

True or false: this does not compromise the seal of the vulva and as a result its not necessary to continue doing the procedure the rest of her breeding life.

Back 221

Mucosa

True

Front 222

What is the purpose of the Gadd Technique?

Back 222

It reconstructs or increases the size of the perineal body, improving the natural seal that occurs when the perineal body presses against the brim of the pelvis.

Front 223

What are two other names for the Gadd Technique?

Back 223

Episiotomy, perineal body reconstruction

Front 224

What procedure is used to correct pneumo or urovagina?

Back 224

Perineal body transection

Front 225

True or false. Perineal body transection involves the division of the attachments between the rectum and caudal repro tract, returning the vulva to a more natural position.

Back 225

True

Front 226

Do you make a vertical or horizontal incision when transecting the perineal body?

Back 226

Horizontal

Front 227

Transection of the perineal body allows the vulva to regain a a more normal ______ orientation.

Back 227

Vertical (instead of sunken in I believe)

Front 228

Why do perineal lacerations occur and how many types are there?

Back 228

They occur secondary to problems delivering a foal.

There are three degrees of perineal lacerations.

Front 229

What do first, second, and third degree perineal lacerations involve?

Back 229

First = skin and mucous membrane

Second = perineal body

Third = perineal body, dorsal vagina, and rectum.

Front 230

First degree perineal lacs just involve the skin and mucous membranes. How do we treat?

Back 230

We dont, they heal without complication and dont require special care.

Front 231

When is the optimum time to repair a second degree perineal laceration?

Back 231

5-10 days after injury occurred--when the inflamm and infection subside

Front 232

True or false. For repair of the second degree perineal laceration, suture from superficial to deep.

Back 232

False. Suture from deep to superficial.

Front 233

Third degree perineal laceration most commonly occurs in _______

Back 233

Maiden mares (first baby)

Front 234

When should you repair a third degree perineal laceration?

Back 234

Wait six weeks, or, if th foal is alive, until hes weaned.

Front 235

True or false. Dietary management to maintain a soft unformed stool is extremely important for first, second, and third degree perineal lacerations.

Back 235

False. Dietary restriction is only necessary for third degree perineal lacerations.

Front 236

True or false. Blocking the anterior rectum with cotton is necessary during surgical repair of a third degree perineal laceration.

Back 236

Probably false because its unlikely shes going to be straining to defecate with an epidural.

Front 237

Whats the Modified Goetz Technique for?

Back 237

Third degree perineal laceration repair

Front 238

What are the three techniues that can be used to repair a third degree perineal laceration?

Back 238

GAP:

modified Goetz
Annes
Pull back

Front 239

What kind of third degree perineal laceration is the pull back technique used for?

Back 239

Very shallow third degree lacerations

Front 240

Why is it called the "pull back" technique?

Back 240

Cause the most caudal aspect of the rectum is pulled back to the area of the anus and sutured

Front 241

What is the postop management of a third degree perineal laceration?

Back 241

1. Maintenance of non-formed stools for 10 days (this is very important)
2. Tetanus prophylaxis
3. Parenteral antibiotics for 4-5 days
4. S/R

Front 242

What is the difference between a third degree perineal laceration and a rectovaginal fistula?

Back 242

A RV fistula is when the foal sticks its foot into the rectum then retracts it and is born thru the vag like its supposed to.

A peroneal laceration is when the baby sticks its foot thru the rectum then the mom decides to push down real hard and he just keeps ripping thru everything as he comes out.

I imagine her rear end looks very different in the two different circumstances? *shudder*

Front 243

True or false. Altho we usually wait 6 weeks to repair a third degree perineal lacerations, rectovaginal fistulas should be repaired immediately after birth.

Back 243

False. Wait 6 weeks to repair both third degree laceration and a rectovaginal fistula.

Front 244

In which direction do we suture the defect in the rectum (of a rectovaginal fistula). Why?

Back 244

Sagittal!!!

This way its not stressed when the rectum dilates to take a shit.

Front 245

True or false. Do not penetrate the rectal mucosa when closing a rectovaginal defect.

Back 245

True

Front 246

In which direction do we place sutures in the vagina to close a rectovaginal defect?

Back 246

Transverse.

Front 247

True or false. When repairing a rectovaginal defect, place sutures in a sagittal direction in the rectum and a transverse direction in the vag.

Back 247

True

Front 248

True or false. Vaginal contusions usually resolve without complication and dont require surgery.

Back 248

True

Front 249

What are the treatments for vaginal varices to keep them from hemorrhaging continuously?

Back 249

Ligation or injection with a sclerosing agent

Front 250

Antibiotics are usually indicated for vaginal lacerations. When do these lacerations require sutures?

Back 250

If a vaginal laceration is so deep its extended into the peritoneal cavity, you shpuld suture it up to prevent eventration.

Front 251

What are four possible complications of vaginal lacerations?

Back 251

Pelvic abscess
Vaginal adhesions
Peritonitis
Evisceration

Front 252

What is a key clinical sign of pelvic abscess?

Back 252

Persistent straining aka tenesmus

Front 253

Whats a bimanual examination?

Back 253

1 hand in the butt, the other in the vag

Front 254

The moment you suspect vaginal adhesions are forming (as a result of a vaginal laceration) what should you do?

Back 254

Apply ointment and dilate the vag daily to prevent development of adhesions and allow epithelialization of the injured surfaces

Front 255

Does peritonitis hurt?

What would you expect to see on abdomenocentesis?

Back 255

Yes, theyre going to be depressed' anxious, colicky, and not want to move.

High WBC and a specific gravity over 1.017

Front 256

True or false. Urine pooling in the anterior vagina decreases fertility.

Back 256

Who knows, urine kills semen, so maybe.

Front 257

Why is poor body condition score associated with urine pooling?

Back 257

Decreased vaginal fat allows the vag to sink back a little

Front 258

What are the four techniques for repair of a mare with urine pooling, and of these which one is not recommended?

Back 258

MBM:
Monin (vestibuloplasty)
Brown
McKinnon

(dont use the Shires technique)

Front 259

Whats the easy, fast, cheap surgery for urine pooling, which leaves the dorsal tissues to heal by second intention?

Back 259

McKinnon

Front 260

What is the surgical technique that involves pulling the urethral orifice caudally to correct urine pooling?

Back 260

Monin

Front 261

Whats the difference between the Brown technique and the McKinnon technique in the repair of urine pooling?

Back 261

Brown is patient enough to appose the dorsak flaps of mucosa, while McKinnon figured hed just leave them to heal on their own.

Front 262

How long do you have to wait after the McKinnon surgery to breed your mare?

Back 262

5 weeks

Front 263

True or false. The freaking bladder can peolapse out thru the urethral orifice.

Back 263

Ew and oh no its true. It happens in the mare omg

Front 264

HAHA whats one of the methods to reduce straining after youve fixed a bladder thats everted thru the irethral orifice?

Back 264

Tracheotomy--cause you cant take a shit while youre singing--LOL

You can also give a continuous epidural (you dont strain when youre on an epidural...we mentioned that with repair of third degree perineal lacerations, too)

Front 265

What are the two "things" a bladder can prolpase thru?

Back 265

Urethral orifice or a vaginal laceration

Front 266

Teue or false. Sedation may be necessary in thr case of uterine prolapse because apparently its scary when ypur insides are flapping against your legs!

Back 266

True

Front 267

What is the most effective means of controlling hemorrhage from a prolapsed uterus?

Back 267

Returning it to its normal position...the uterus is so vascular, ligatures arent much of a help.

Front 268

True or false. Suture the vulva shut to prevent recurrwnce of a peolapsed uterus.

Back 268

False. The mare can easily tear thru those sutures. The key is cervical contraction to keep the uterus up there.

Front 269

Once the uterus has been placed thru the cervix and the ________ is contracted, the uterus will not prolapse.

Back 269

Cervix

Front 270

True or false. Uterine prolape --> metritis --> laminitis

Back 270

True

Front 271

Whats more common in mares--uterine or vaginal prolapse?

Back 271

Uterine. Vaginal prolapse hardly ever occurs in mares.

Front 272

True or false. A uterine examination including bx is indicated prior to considering surgery on the cervix.

Back 272

true

Front 273

True or false. The cervix is easy to expose.

Back 273

False. It is very difficult to expose the cervix.

Front 274

Most lacerations involve what portion of the cervix?

Back 274

The segment of the cervix that projects into the vagina.

Front 275

Cervical lacerations involving the ________ require treatment to prevent adhesions.

Back 275

cervical mucosa

Front 276

When a cervical laceration involves the mucosa what should you do to prevent adhesions?

Back 276

massage w/ antibiotic ointments... yum

Front 277

True or false. When cervical laceration involves the mucosal layer, you should use ointments to prevent adhesions, but shouldn't attempt further repair til 1-2 mos post-injury because it may heal itself.

Back 277

True

Front 278

When there is loss of cervical tone without any obvious musculature damage, the purse string suture is not too effective.

Back 278

True

Front 279

When doing the purse string to treat a mare thats lost her cervical tone WITHOUT damaging her musculature, how big should you leave the lumen?

Back 279

reduce the lumen to insemination pipette size

Front 280

True or false. The purse string suture around the cervix will allow foaling (it doesn't have to be removed).

Back 280

false, you have to cut that shit out before the mare foals.

Front 281

A mare has a cervical laceration involving the musculature. You suture her shit up in 3 layers which is so tedious and annoying you can't stop cursing at the whole damn procedure.

If the owner is successful at getting her pregnant again, will the sutures tear out at foaling?

Back 281

yes, and you'll have to do the whole damn thing again

Front 282

Hummy told us the only way to prevent a uterus from prolapsing again was to contract the cervix. How do we achieve cervical contraction?

Back 282

by injecting oxytocin to stimulate contraction of the uterus (and cervix)--AFTER you've repositioned it inside where it belongs

Front 283

When is uterine torsion going to occur in the mare? When does it occur in the cow?

Back 283

mare = 7-8 months gestation
cow = at term

Front 284

True or false. The uterus twists on its long axis.

Back 284

True

Front 285

Compare the following in mare vs cow uterine torsion:

Time it'll occur
Discomfort/straining?
Where does it twist?
Is their vulva symmetrical?

Back 285

Cow: at term, twists caudal to the cervix, they don't strain, and the vulva is asymmetrical

Mare: occurs several mos prior to gestation, she's colicky cause it hurts, it twists anterior to the cervix, and the vulva looks symmetrical

Front 286

For non-surgical management of a uterine torsion, you should cast the mare on her right side if the twist is _________ and roll her in the same direction as the twist.

The theory is her uterus will remain in place and you'll be rolling the horse around it.

Back 286

cast on the right for clockwise twist.

cast on the left for CCW twist.

Front 287

What surgical approach is suggested for treatment of uterine torsion in a mare?

Back 287

Standing flank laparotomy to raise the fetus up and push him (repel him) instead of grabbing one of his legs and pulling.

Front 288

When performing a standing flank laparotomy to correct a uterine torsion, should you deliver the foal thru the incision or let him be birthed naturally thru the vag?

Back 288

thru the canal, don't g pulling him out of her side.

Front 289

When is it necessary to perform a c-section to save the mare's life (in the case of uterine torsion)?

Back 289

if the torsion is greater than 270 degrees, it is difficult to correct manually, and it will prob be necessary to perform a c-section to save the mare

Front 290

True or false. Uterine rupture/laceration is almost always the cause of dystocia.

Back 290

False. Uterine rupture/laceration is almost always caused BY a difficult delivery.

Front 291

How do you diagnose a uterine rupture or laceration?

Back 291

bare handed exam.... oh he loves these...you will only be able to diagnose tears in the uterine body tho, not the horns

Front 292

True or false. Most uterine tears occur in the body.

Back 292

False. Most tears occur in the uterine horns.

Front 293

What CS will you observe in a mare post-foaling if she has a uterine laceration?

Back 293

Peritonitis without evidence of GI involvement.

Front 294

What's the best management for uterine laceration/rupture--medical or surgical?

Back 294

either or

Front 295

Once the mare starts her 2nd stage of labor how long do we have to get the foal out alive?

Back 295

30 min!!

Front 296

Why do horses have such a short labor?

Back 296

prob because if they sat around pushing & screaming for 24 hours like ppl d they'd all be eaten?

Front 297

True or false. Mares often require c-section because her fetus is too large.

Back 297

false--mares will not build a baby that's too big to come out of her

(however cows WILL so selection of the daddy is more important in them)

Front 298

Why is fetal malpostioning a common reason for c-section in mares?

Back 298

cause foals have such long legs they like to get tangled up the wrng way

Front 299

If you have an older mare in dystocia for the last 20 min and she's got a foal with amazing bloodlines inside her (hell, even decent bloodlines), shooting her in the head and cutting the baby out to save its life is a viable option. True or false.

Back 299

true =(

Front 300

If performing a c-section and the foal is still alive, what kind of anesthetic protocol should you use?

Back 300

idk, just avoid using lots of barbituates and maintain the mare on gas

Front 301

What is the incision you're prob going to make for equine c-section?

Back 301

ventral midline

Front 302

What are the 4 laparotomy sites you could make your incision for equine c-section?

Back 302

ventral midline
marcenac
paracostal
paramedian

Front 303

What are the obvious reasons a ventral midline is used instead of a paramedian for equine c-section?

Back 303

paramedian bleeds more and is more difficult to close.

Front 304

True or false. Paracostal incision (for equine c-section) is a low flank incision that is perpendicular to the Marcenac approach.

Back 304

true. Paracostal follows the rib...the Marcenac runs caudoventral so it's perpendicular to it.

Front 305

Where do you incise the uterus to perform equine c-section.

Back 305

on the greater curvature in whatever horn the baby's in

Front 306

You have to be careful not to let all those uterine juices dump into the abdominal cavity when performing a c-section--yuck.

If you pulled out a live foal, how would you clamp the umbilical cord?

Back 306

idk, but you're going to wait for blood to clear the placenta before clamping & cutting it

Front 307

How should you suture the wound margin of the uterus after performing a c-section, and what should you avoid including in your closure?

Back 307

Simple continuous COMPRESSING suture to control the hemorrhage...avoid the placenta!

Front 308

How do you close the uterus after c-section (after you compressed the wound edges w/ suture)?

Back 308

2 layers using an inverting pattern...cushing, lembert, or utrecht whatever that is

Front 309

Why would you give oxytocin to a mare after c-section?

Back 309

to encourage uterine contraction and therefore expulsion of the placenta

Front 310

True or false. Tetanus prophylaxis is indicated for c-section.

Back 310

when is it NOT indicated...yes its a horse so give it

Front 311

True or false. Mares don't get cystic ovarian disease!

Back 311

pretty much true....maybe sometimes very rarely?

Front 312

T/F Nymphomania is an ovarian abnormality

Back 312

noooo

Front 313

Nymphomaniacs act like a stallion & freakin look like one too (thickened neck).

Whats a common cause of nymphomania, and should always be checked for in these mareboys?

Back 313

vaginal irritation

Front 314

What are two things that could cause vaginal irritation and result in a nymphomaniac?

Back 314

improper closure of the vulva
sutures left in from a 3rd degree perineal lac

Front 315

T/F Giving estrogen for an extended period of time has cured some mareboys of their nymphomania, as has pregnancy.

Back 315

false. PROGESTERONE & pregnancy

Front 316

Is it easy to get a nymphomaniac pregnant?

Back 316

surprisingly no

Front 317

What's the most common ovarian neoplasm in the mare?

Back 317

granulosa cell tumor

Front 318

How do you diagnose granulosa cell tumor in a mare?

Back 318

1. an ovary that remains enlarged thru several cycles.

2. anestrus (+/- nymphomania sometimes)

Front 319

T/F Granulosa cell tumors cause a mare to be in estrus.

Back 319

false--anestrus

Front 320

One of your client's prized mares has had an enlarged left ovary for mos and mos and has not cycled (ie is in anestrus). You recommend ______ for the surgical management of the granulosa cell tumor

Back 320

ovariectomy aka surgical removal of the ovary

Front 321

T/F An ovariectomy will not prevent a mare from cycling.

Back 321

True

Front 322

There are 6 approaches to ovariectomy in the mare: flank, inguinal, ventral midline, colpotomy, paramedian, parainguinal, laparascopic.

Which does he say is probably the best and why?

Back 322

parainguinal because it's easy to access the ovary & the ovarian vessels

Front 323

A colpotomy is not good to remove an enlarged ovary. T/F

Back 323

true

Front 324

Why do you NOT use a ventral midline approach for ovariectomy in the mare?

Back 324

cause it's too difficult to ligate the ovarian vessels

Front 325

A colpotomy approach is done on the standing mare to remove one of her ovaries. What needs to be done for the 24 hours prior to this procedure?

Back 325

Sam has to remove all feed from her stall

Front 326

Where do you make your stab incision for ovariectomy using the colpotomy approach?

Back 326

@ 2 or 10:00 dorsal to the cervix...be careful of the aorta you clog!

Front 327

How do you allow a colpotomy incision to heal?

Back 327

second intention

Front 328

What are post-op instructions for the owner following a colpotomy?

Back 328

put her in cross ties & prevent straining for a week (5-7 days)

Front 329

What surrounds the cavernous spaces aka the corpus cavernosum penis?

Back 329

tunica albuginea

Front 330

What 2 things is the CCP composed of?

Back 330

crus & the cavernosus spaces (extending the entire length of the shaft of the penis)

Front 331

What do the 2 crus peni insert on?

Back 331

ventral ischium

Front 332

Tell me the origin and insertion of the ischiocavernosus muscles.

Back 332

origin: inner surface of the ischium

insertion: ventral surface of the ischium

Front 333

After originating on the inner surface of the ischium, the ischiocavernosus mm extend _________ to wrap over the __________ surface of the ischium to cover the _______ and insert on the ventral surface of the ischium

Back 333

extend caudally to wrap over the caudal surf of the ischium to cover the crus peni, then insert on the ventral ischium.

Front 334

How is 1500 psi of blood forced into the CCP to create a bull erection?

p.s. damnnnn

Back 334

those ischiocavernosus muscles contract a whole lot to push all that blood into the CCP

Front 335

Where do the retractor peni muscles originate from and insert?

Back 335

Origin: 1st/2nd coccygeal vertebrae

Insertion: ventrolateral penis (@ the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure)

Front 336

What is the artery of the penis an extension of?

Back 336

internal pudendal

Front 337

The 1st branch of the artery of the penis is the __________.

The artery of the penis terminates as the ____________ & ____________.

Back 337

artery of the bulb of the penis (supplies the corpus spong)

deep artery (supplies the CCP) & dorsal artery

Front 338

What does the corpus spongiosum surround?

What vessel supplies the corpus spongiosum?

Back 338

surrounds the urethra (sponge soaks up the pee from the urethra---totally false but easy to remember)

the artery of the bulb of the penis supplies the corpus spongiosum

Front 339

What supplies the corpus cavernosum penis?

Back 339

the deep artery of the penis....the CCP is deep inside the penis

Front 340

The oblique angle in which the branches of the dorsal artery of the pens penetrate the tunica albuginea creates a....

Back 340

valve-like action which prevents backflow

Front 341

T/F There are no venous outlets from the CCP along the shaft of the bull's penis.

Back 341

True, all veins draining the CCP are located in the crus peni.

Front 342

All veins draining the CCP are located where?

Back 342

in the crus

Front 343

How is blood forced down the corpus spongiosum for urination & ejaculation?

Back 343

via contraction of the urethralis and bulbospongiosus muscles

Front 344

Which 2 muscles contract to allow urination & ejaculation?

Back 344

urethralis & bulbospongiosus

Front 345

What's the most important nerve in the male body?

Back 345

pudendal nerve--it provides the sensory & motor innervation to the penis, so without it the penis wouldn't be able to feel or move...

Front 346

Where do pudendal nerves originate from?

Where do they run in relation to the arteries of the penis?

Back 346

S2-S4

Pudendal nerves are dorsomedial to the arteries of the penis

Front 347

T/F The urethral diverticulum is present in all male horses & ruminants.

Back 347

False--urethral diverticulum is in male ruminants & pigs

Front 348

What structure on the __________ surface of the urethra makes it difficult to catheterize male ruminants and swine?

Back 348

dorsal surface

urethral diverticulum

Front 349

Male ruminants and pigs have a dorsal diverticulum _______ to the ischial arch.

Back 349

anterior

Front 350

What procedure allows catheterization of the pelvic urethra in male ruminants and pigs?

Back 350

ischial urethrotomy

Front 351

What's the difference between Bos indicus compared to Bos tarsus breeds, as far as penises go?

Back 351

Bos indicus have longer penis. The prepuce is also longer, more pendulous and lax so I guess it's like a big loose sac surrounding their big ol' penis.

Front 352

What's the thing that extends distally from goat & sheep dicks?

Back 352

urethral process aka vermiform process

creeepyyyy

Front 353

What is the difference between the sheath & the prepuce?

Back 353

Apparently the sheath is haired & the prepuce is not?

go me, I always thought they were the same thing. Be aware of mistakes with that in these flashcards.

Front 354

What the hell does "egress" mean and what's he always talking about when he uses this word?

Back 354

exit/leave

he's talking about male animals peeing

Front 355

So where does the prepuce extend from?

Back 355

from the pudendal orifice (prox) to the preputial ring (distal)

Front 356

A persistent frenulum is an interdigitation of the preputal skin which prevents extension of the penis.

When does this skin normally separate by?

Back 356

colts: first few weeks

calves: up to a year

Front 357

With persistent frenulum, which direction does the glans bend, preventing fuckery?

Back 357

ventrally

Front 358

To fix a persistent frenulum, extend the penis & hold a towel clamp under the ________ ligament.

Inject locals then cut the ____ & _______ attachments of the frenulum.

Back 358

under the apical ligament

cut the penile & preputial attachments of the frenulum

Front 359

How long should a male be kept away from the ladies after surgical repair of a persistent frenulum?

Back 359

2-4 weeks

Front 360

Homosexual bulls end up with what two conditions?

Back 360

hair rings & papillomas

ha.

Front 361

Where does a hair ring occur?

Back 361

just prox to the preputial ring (aka caudal to the glans)

Front 362

How does a penile papilloma usually present?

Back 362

young bull w/ small amount of blood @ the preputial orifice; has a single papilloma on his glans

(sometimes multiple papillomas, but this isnt common)

Front 363

Some gay bull at the farm has a penile papilloma. What's your recommendation?

Back 363

surgical removal

Front 364

Where do you place your towel clamp to extend a penis?

Back 364

under the apical ligament

Front 365

If you wish to deliver locals to the penis, where are you going to inject?

Back 365

dorsal aspect of the penis, just prox to where you want the effect

Front 366

Do penile papillomas usually recur after they've been surgically removed from a bull penis?

Back 366

no

Front 367

When a bull's got a penile hematoma how are you going to manage it?

Back 367

just keep him away from the ladies for awhile

Front 368

If a bull tried to rape a cow and hit the vulva instead (ouch), the __________ of his penis might rupture.

What side is this rupture always going to occur?

Back 368

tunica albuginea

opposite the insertion of the retractor peni muscles (aka @ the DORSAL aspect of the penis at the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure)

Front 369

Where does rupture of the tunica albuginea occur?

Back 369

on the dorsal aspect of the penis, @ the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure

Front 370

What's the difference in location & symmetry of swelling from a hematoma vs laceration/abscess of the penis?

Back 370

hematoma = symmetrical swelling just anterior to the scrotum

Lac/abscess = asymmetrical swelling that's more anterior

Front 371

An astute cow handler (what the hell are they called?) will notice welling just anterior to the scrotum when a bull has a broken penis.

If the swelling is left and gets large, what will you see then?

Back 371

preputial prolapse

Front 372

Where does rupture of the tunica albuginea occur?

Back 372

on the dorsal aspect of the penis, @ the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure

Front 373

If you've got some young fool bull that broke his penis what might you do with him?

Back 373

send him to McDonalds

Front 374

An astute cow handler (what the hell are they called?) will notice welling just anterior to the scrotum when a bull has a broken penis.

If the swelling is left and gets large, what will you see then?

Back 374

preputial prolapse

Front 375

If you've got a decent breeding bull that broke his penis & his owner wants to try conservative treatment with him instead of sending him off for slaughter, what would you recommend?

Back 375

punishing him for being a dumb & breaking his penis by powerwashing his peen every day & not letting him have sex for 2 months....but let him live...he makes some beefy babies =)

aka hydrotherapy, rest from breeding, & fixing a preputial prolapse if he's got one

Front 376

What's the difference in location & symmetry of swelling from a hematoma vs laceration/abscess of the penis?

Back 376

hematoma = symmetrical swelling just anterior to the scrotum

Lac/abscess = asymmetrical swelling that's more anterior

Front 377

If you have a valuable breeding bull & the owner can't stand the thought of losing him from his herd, what might you do?

Back 377

surgery 3-7 days after injury, followed by 2 months without sex

Front 378

If you've got some young fool bull that broke his penis what might you do with him?

Back 378

send him to McDonalds

Front 379

If you've got a decent breeding bull that broke his penis & his owner wants to try conservative treatment with him instead of sending him off for slaughter, what would you recommend?

Back 379

punishing him for being a dumb & breaking his penis by powerwashing his peen every day & not letting him have sex for 2 months....but let him live...he makes some beefy babies =)

aka hydrotherapy, rest from breeding, & fixing a preputial prolapse if he's got one

Front 380

Why do you have to perform surgical correction of a broken penis 3-7 days after it's occurred?

Back 380

The penis is still bleeding up to 3 days after the bull breaks it so you don't want to go cutting anything pen then.

After a week, there is an organized clot & fibrinous healing so cutting into it then might damage the elastic tissue & screw up his penis even more.

Front 381

Bulls with a pendulous prepuce (like Bos indicus) migt get that shit trapped between himself & his lady friend during mating, creating a longitudinal tear.

Afterwards, the prepuce will swell up & retract, and the laceration will look:

Back 381

transverse, even tho it's longitudinal

Front 382

If you have a valuable breeding bull & the owner can't stand the thought of losing him from his herd, what might you do?

Back 382

surgery 3-7 days after injury, followed by 2 months without sex

Front 383

T/F After preputial laceration, all bulls will develop a preputial prolapse.

Back 383

False. Bos indicus usually develops preputial prolapse, but other breeds tend to get phimosis.

Front 384

Why do you have to perform surgical correction of a broken penis 3-7 days after it's occurred?

Back 384

The penis is still bleeding up to 3 days after the bull breaks it so you don't want to go cutting anything pen then.

After a week, there is an organized clot & fibrinous healing so cutting into it then might damage the elastic tissue & screw up his penis even more.

Front 385

You might just want to go ahead & send the bull to slaughter if he has a preputial laceration cause he's going to be out of commission for the rest of the breeding season. T/F

Back 385

true

Front 386

Bulls with a pendulous prepuce (like Bos indicus) migt get that shit trapped between himself & his lady friend during mating, creating a longitudinal tear.

Afterwards, the prepuce will swell up & retract, and the laceration will look:

Back 386

transverse, even tho it's longitudinal

Front 387

T/F After preputial laceration, all bulls will develop a preputial prolapse.

Back 387

False. Bos indicus usually develops preputial prolapse, but other breeds tend to get phimosis.

Front 388

You might just want to go ahead & send the bull to slaughter if he has a preputial laceration cause he's going to be out of commission for the rest of the breeding season. T/F

Back 388

true

Front 389

If you decide to remove a preputial laceration via circumcision, how long do you have to leave the remaining prepuce?

Back 389

at least 1-1.5x as long as the penis

Front 390

T/F Bulls extend their penis out of the prepuce to pee.

Back 390

false

Front 391

In cases of extensive preputial prolapse, this method may be used as a salvage technique to get the bull to slaughter

Back 391

using a plastic ring to amputate the penis...

amputate the prolapse then occlude blood supply to the distal end of the penis so it sloughs off =(

Front 392

In animals that develop phimosis after preputial laceration, what is the most important thing to establish?

Back 392

drainage (thru the preputial skin)

Front 393

Paraphimosis as a result of preputial laceration responds best to what procedure?

Back 393

circumcision

Front 394

Which calculi are smooth vs rough?

Back 394

phosphates are smooth
silica are rough

Front 395

What surgery might predispose a bull to urolith obstruction?

Back 395

castration at a young age --> small urethral diameter --> more likely to get blocked

Front 396

Where is the male urethral wider--@ the ischial arch or distal orifice?

Back 396

ischial arch....the urethra gets narrower as it gets more distal

Front 397

Where do calculi most commonly lodge in the bull urethra?

Back 397

Distal bend of the sigmoid flexure (there's a narrowing of the urethra here)

Front 398

We have mentioned the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure 3 times. When?

Back 398

1. retractor penis muscle insert on ventrolateral penis @ the distal bend

2. tunica albuginea ruptures on the dorsal aspect of the distal bend

3. urethral calculi lodge @ the distal bend

Front 399

You see a steer pumping his tail up & down and note that his bulbospongiosus muscles are repeatedly contracting.

Why?

Back 399

he wants to pee but is blocked.

his bulbospongiosus & urethralis muscles contract to expel urine & semen thru the urethra....and this guy is wanting really badly to pee!

Front 400

If a bull is obstructed and the bladder is NOT ruptured, what can be done that is not advisable if the bladder HAD ruptured?

Back 400

if the bladder has not ruptured, you can slaughter him for home consumption = ew

if the bladder or urethra has ruptured, no one should be eating that animal

Front 401

What is the primary objective when a feed lot steer has obstructive urethral calculi?

Back 401

short-term recovery so they can send him to slaughter

Front 402

Wow so what do you do in your feedlot steer that you're trying to get to slaughter after a urethral osbstruction?

Back 402

1. foley catheterize his bladder
2. transect his penis
3. amputate his penis

do one of the above then ship him to slaughter

Front 403

If you have a yearling steer still on grass that hasn't been sent to the feedlot yet, what might you do in the case of urethral obstruction?

Back 403

remove the calculi & repair the urethra

Front 404

Where do you incise a steer to remove urethral calculi?

Back 404

on the midline just caudal to his castration scar

Front 405

With ischial urethrotomy in the horse, is the wound sutured?

How about for pararectal cystotomy in horse?

Removal of urethral calculi in the steer?

Back 405

no, no & yes to suturing the wound

Front 406

Wow so let's stay a steer's urethral ruptured when he was obstructed & you transected his penis (or amputated it, or placed a foley cath in his bladder)....how are you going to get this guy to slaughter?

Back 406

you're going to stab him in the ventral abdomen a bunch of times so the subq urine can drain out.

then you have to wait for all that tissue to slough off then heal before you can send him to slaughter (takes a few months).

seriously?!

Front 407

There was this steer whos belly hurt like the dickens for a few days then all of a sudden he started feeling better. Couple days later tho his abdomen started getting bigger & he became depressed & anorexic...his bladder had ruptured.

What can you do to treat him now?

Back 407

Well, you might be able to drain the urine from the abdomen (make an easy egress for the urine) & wait to see if the bladder heals itself.

Front 408

How can you tell if a bladder has healed itself after rupturing?

Back 408

make a hole in the abdomen to drain the urine, and place the steer into a dry stall so you can see whether urine is still dripping thru the whole or the animal can pee on its own.

If it stops dripping and he's peeing on his own you assume the bladder has healed itself.

Front 409

If you have to suture a ruptured bladder closed in a steer, what are your 2 possible surgical approaches & which one is easier?

Back 409

paralumbar fossa**
caudal paramedian (it's difficult to stretch the bladder all the way into this incision)

Front 410

Where do small ruminants like to get obstructed?

Back 410

their urethral process, then, if you amputate that, they'll get obstructed somewhere else

Front 411

What salvage procedures can be used in small ruminants that are obstructed to get them to slaughter?

Back 411

the same ones used in bovine...either insert a foley cath into the bladder, or transect or amputate the penis

Front 412

T/F Salvage procedures are not acceptable for pet goats w/ urethral obstruction.

Back 412

true!

Front 413

My goat is obstructed oh no! I call my trusty goat doctor (who in this class is going to be working on goats?) to fix him up. What 3 procedures are they going to have me choose from?

Back 413

1. cystotomy
2. temporary tube cystotomy
3. marsupialisation of the bladder

Front 414

What incision is my goat doctor going to make for cystotomy on my goat?

How is he going to suture my goat's bladder back together?

Back 414

paramedian incision

close the bladder w/ inverting sutures & do NOT penetrate the bladder mucsa

Front 415

After applying a foley cath into my pet goat's bladder, we wait about 5 days then occlude the catheter to see if he can urinate on his own. Hooray he did it! Now what do we do?

And what happens to that omentum you wrapped around the catheter?

Back 415

leave it in for another 2 days to make sure he's still peeing ok, then deflate the cuff & remove the catheter.

the omentum that was wrapped around the catheter will form a path for urine to drain until the bladder heals

Front 416

What is marsupialisation of the bladder for?

What can't this goat do anymore?

Back 416

i guess attaching the bladder directly to the body wall?

this goat will no longer be able to live in my house cause he'll be leaking pee everywhere like the shnook

Front 417

Two things must be done to a bull before he can be used as an "estrus detector"...what are they

Back 417

he's gotta be made infertile (vasectomy or epididymectomy) & modified to prevent intromission

Front 418

What are the two ways to make a bull infertile without castrating him?

Back 418

vasectomy (removing piece of vas deferens hence the name...)

epididymectomy (removing the tail of the epididymis)

Front 419

What are 5 ways to prevent intromission?

Back 419

1. produce a thrombus in the CCP
2. tie down the penis
3. penectomy
4. preputial pouch
5. penile translocation

Front 420

To produce a thrombus in the CCP, inject acrylic where?

Back 420

in the CCP at the PROXIMAL bend of the sigmoid flexure

Front 421

T/F A penectomy is described for urolithiasis & as a way to prevent intromission.

Back 421

true

Front 422

How long after a penis tie-down do you have to wait before you send your bull into the pasture with the ladies?

Back 422

45 days

Front 423

The creation of a preputial pouch to modify intromission should NOT be performed in which animal?

Back 423

a bull w/ a pendulus prepuce, like the Bos indicus

Front 424

What is the point of creating a preputial pouch?

Back 424

closes the preputial orifice (so the penis can't come out) & produce an alternative outlet for urine (so the bull can pee)

Front 425

Which procedure will offer a teaser bull for the longest period of time (years)....thrombus, tie-down, penectomy, preputial pouch, or penis translocation.

Back 425

translocation lasts the longest

Front 426

What procedure is indicated in the cow to minimize damage to the perineal body and vulva during delivery?

Back 426

Episiotomy

Front 427

T/F. An incision thru the vulvar lip (episiotomy) is easier to repair than a tear created by the calf ripping out of a cows vag.

Back 427

True, thats why we do them

Front 428

In a pinch you can perform an episiotomy on a cow without the use of anesthetics. I imagine this happens all the time.

If you are a sweet cow doctor and you have the time, what are your two options for anesthesia on this girl as she tries to push out her oversized fetus?

Back 428

Epidural or local infiltration

Front 429

Where do ypu make your incision for a cows episiotomy?

Back 429

Thru the mucocutaneous edge of the vulva at 2 or 10 o'clock, extending theu the skin, mucous membrane dorsolaterally.

Front 430

What two layers must be anatomically aligned during closure of an episiotomy?

Back 430

Mucocutaneous junctiom

Front 431

You can close a cows episiotomy incision using a cpntinuous or continuous closure.

If you choose to close with a vertical mattress pattern, the deep portion should pass theu what layers? What about the superficial portion of the pattern?

Back 431

Deep thru the labia and vestibular submucosa

Superfixial thru the skin only

Front 432

T/F. The Caslick and Gadd technique is performed on both cows and mares.

What are they for again?

Back 432

True

Windsuckas aka pneumovagina

Front 433

In mares with Third degree perineal laceration, its important to maintain soft stool. Is this the procedure we would follow in cows?

Back 433

No we dont care about their poop

Front 434

Whats the deal with perivaginal fat in a first degree perineal laceration of a cow?

Back 434

After healing of the lac, fat may protrude into the vagina. If thats the case, remove it with an emasculator once her lac has healed.

Front 435

True or false. Rectovaginal fistulas are more comkon in the cow than perineal lacerations.

Back 435

False. RV fistulas rarely occur in the cow.

Front 436

What do you often see scondary to vaginal prolapse in the cow?

Back 436

Rectal prolapse

Front 437

Vaginal and cervical peolapse ocxur mostly in heifers. True or false.

Back 437

False. Old used up multiparous cows and ewes in their last trimester get vag and cervical prolapse because their shit is worn out.

Front 438

Which type of cow is predisposed to cervical prolapse?

Back 438

Bos indicus

Front 439

Tell me some things that will predispose a cow to prolapse pf the vagina and/or cervix?

Back 439

Very cold weather --> frostbite of the vag/perivaginal tissue

Previous injury to vag/perivaginal tissue

Riding acivity during estrus
Hereditary
Advanced pregnancy
Lots of perivaginal fat

If ypure a bos indicus cow

Front 440

Tell me two things that might predispose a ewe to vag or cervical prolapse?

Back 440

Docking her tail too short (guess theres nothing pushing down on her vag to keep it inside then)

A high estrogen diet

Front 441

What prolapses in a first degree vag prolapse?

Back 441

Ventral vagina, usually when th cow lays down youll see it get squeezed out

Front 442

T/F. A first degree vaginal prolapse xould easily become a second degree prolapse.

Why would this happen?

Back 442

True

If the cow lays down and her ventral vaginal mucosa comes out of its hiding place, it could contact cold ground and become frostbitten, or become dehydrated, or get infected.

Any of these conditions would cause discomfort and straining, and even more vag would come out.

Front 443

Whats the dofference between first and second degree vaginal prolapses?

Back 443

First = intermittent prolapse of the ventral vag aka floor of the vag

Second = floor of the vag protrudes continuously and the bladder may come out to play too (awesome)

Front 444

Hat THREE things are prolapsesd in a THIRD degree vaginal prolapse?

Back 444

1. Majority of the vaginal floor
2. Bladder
3. Cervix

Front 445

Whats th doffernce between cervical prolapse as a continuation/complication of vaginal prolapse in a cow vs cervical prolapse in a bos indicus cow?

Back 445

In bos indicus the cervix is prolapsed initially, not as a rwault of straining due to firat or second degree vaginal prolapse.

Front 446

T/F. With cervical prolapse in bos indicus, the cervix is presented as a pedunculated mass and there is harsly any involcement of the vaginal floor.

Back 446

True

Front 447

Yuck. What distinguishes fourth degree vaginal prolapse from the others?

Back 447

Fibrotic or necrotic tissues as a rwsult of prolonged exposure =(

Front 448

Knowing that vag/cervical prolapse occurs in ruminants in late pregnancy and that it usually results in loss of the cervical plug, what are two possible complications you could expect?

Back 448

Placentitis and fetal septicemia.

The cervical plug is supposed to prevent ascending infection into the uterus.

Front 449

If weve got a cow with vag prolapse what are our three goals, in order?

Back 449

Replace and retain the tissues in the pelvic canal.

Deliver a live baby.

Send her to slaughter after weaning because its genetic and if we keep breeding her well just produce more animals with the defect.

Front 450

To replace a peolapsed vagina in the cow, were going to give her an __________, then reduce edema by massage and force the prolapse back thru the vulva by applying pressure where?

Back 450

Epidural

Apply pressure close to the vulva so as to work the tissue thru the lips.

Front 451

Whats the most effective way of retaining a vaginal prolapse?

Back 451

Buhner suture = a large pursestring placed around the vulva to supplement the constrictor vestibuli muscle.

Front 452

What are your six options to retaine a vaginal prolapse in the cow?

Back 452

HBC--BMW

1. Horizontal mattress suture
2. Buhner
3. Caslicks
4. Boot lace
5. Minchev
6. Winkler (aka cervicoplasty)

Front 453

How much shpuld you tighten a Buhner purse string suture?

Back 453

Enough so that only 1 or 2 fingers can pass be placed in the lumen.

Front 454

Buhner tape is really strong so make sure you remove it so she can deliver her calf... Then what do you have to do?

Back 454

Replace it

Front 455

A hprizontal mattress suture can be placed to close the vulva in the case of a cow with vaginal prolapse. What is the landmark for the most lateral aspect of this suture?

Back 455

Hairline lateral to the vulva

Front 456

True or false. The Caslicks is satisfactory for closure of the vulva to retain a cows vaginal prolapse.

Back 456

False

Front 457

The Minchev procedure sutures the dorsum of th vagina thru the ________ ligament.

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of this technique for the retention of a vaginal prolapse.

Back 457

Minchev adv = doesnt have to be removed for delivery

Disadv = youre suturing the dorsum of the vag in place, not the ventral part which is what usually prolapses...

Sacrosciatic ligament

Front 458

What dude invented the cervicopexy to retain vaginal prolapses?

Back 458

Winkler

Front 459

Whats different between Winkler and all the rest of the procedures for retaining a vaginal prolapse. Hint: its in the timing.

Back 459

Winkler procedure is performed after calving, once her tract has returned to normal.

Front 460

Minchev sutures the dorsal vag to the sacrosciatic ligament.

What does Winkler do?

Back 460

He sutures the cervix to the prepubic tendon.

Front 461

Genny and Bangs decide to perform the Winkler technique on a cow that has a vaginal prolapse a few weeks after she calved.

Genny decides to work in one hole and Bangs in the other. Which one is going to have to cut the cow to do the procedure?

Back 461

Um Genny because the last thing he wants to do is stick his arm up a cows vag. He will make an incision in the paralumbar fossa.

Front 462

Ahould you enter the lumen of the cervix to suture it to the prepubic tendon in the Winkler technique?

Back 462

No, just take a bite thru the ventral part of the cervix, not the lumen.

Front 463

What four tissues is ypur needle going to pass thru to perform the Winkler technique?

Back 463

Ventral cervix
Ventral floor of the vagina
Prepubic tendon
Back thru the floor of the vagina

Front 464

How does a cow have to be bred after the Winkler technique is performed?

Back 464

AI

Front 465

Whats the primari indication for a csection in a cow?

Back 465

Relieve dystocia whwn noemal delivery will not yield a live alf

Front 466

Main reason for csection in cows is:

Back 466

Fetal oversize

Front 467

Why wont you give the cow xylazine if youre going to perform a csection?

Back 467

It has an ecbolic effect aka will cause uterine contractions

Front 468

Why is an epidural a good anesthetic option for csection?

Back 468

She wont strain, so th surgery will be easier for you.

Front 469

What are three blocks you can perform for a flank incision?

What block will you perform for a ventral midline or paramedian incision?

Back 469

Inverted L
Paravertebral
Local infiltration

Local infiltration for ventral approach

Front 470

Whats the most common incision for csection?

Back 470

Ventral midline

Front 471

Whqt approach should you use for fractious cows or an emphysematous fetus?

Back 471

Ventral midline

Front 472

How will you position the cow for a csection via ventral midline approach?

Back 472

Obliquely on her right side so its easier to pull the uterus into the incision.

Front 473

If the calf is in anterior position where do you make your uterine incision?

Back 473

Hock to fetlock

Front 474

If the calf is in posterior position where do you make your uterine incision?

Back 474

Carpus to tip of the hoof

Front 475

How many layer of inverting suture will you do to close the uterine incision?

What do you knot include in the suture?

Back 475

One. Two if the uterus us friable (eg emphysematous fetus)

Dont include the uterine mucosa or placenta in uterine closure!

Front 476

Why should you start closing from the caudal end of a uterine incision?

Back 476

Because uterine contractions can make it hard to close th caudal end of the incision if you started cranially.

Front 477

How are you going to close the cows abdominal incision after a csection?

Back 477

Overlapping mattress suture aka vest over pants aka Mayo mattress suture

Front 478

What are your markers for abdominal incision to perform csection on a cow?

Back 478

From her umbilicus to the udder

Front 479

Ue or false. You ahould include the peritoneum in your closure of a cows csection.

Back 479

True, include the peritoneum and imternal rectus sheath.

Front 480

If performing a csection on a cow via a standing flank approach, which side is better?

Back 480

Left because the intestines are better retained

Front 481

Where do you make your standing flank incision for a csection?

Back 481

Vertical skin incision in the lower paralumbar fossa

Front 482

What part of the uterine horn do you incise during a standing flank approach when performing csection on a cow?

Back 482

Dorsal surface of the uterine horn

Front 483

Which is better, standing or recumbent flank approach for bovine csection?

Back 483

Standing

Front 484

Whwn does uterine torsion occur in ruminants.

Back 484

At the time of parturition (horses is earlier)

Front 485

What would you suspect in a late term cow with an asynchronous vulva?

Back 485

Uterine torsion...The twist happens caudal to the cervix so itakea her vulva look weird and asymmetrical

Front 486

T/F. Cast the cow and roll her in the same direction as the torsion.

Back 486

True

Front 487

You are called to a farm cause a cows got uterine torsion. What are you most likely going to do to save your own time?

Back 487

Correct the torsion and perform a csection.

Front 488

Why is it important to correct A uterine torsion before performing the csection?

Back 488

If you take the fetus out first, finding the uterine incision might be difficult.

Front 489

Why is a uterine prolapse considered a life threatening emergency?

Back 489

She can easily rupture a uterine artery. So keep her calm at the farm and go to her, dont have the owner put her in a trailer and drive her to you.

Front 490

Hat four things predispose to uterine prolapse in a cow?

Back 490

Hypocalcemia aka milk fever
Dystocia wit post-delivery straining
Calving paresis
Uterine hernia

Front 491

True or false. Like vaginal and cervical prolapses, cows with uterine prolapse are likely to prolapse again and therefpre shpuld be culled.

Back 491

False.

Front 492

Which uterine horn is going to prolapse?

Back 492

The gravid horn

Front 493

True or false. Abdominal viscera can be strangulated in a uterine prolapse.

Back 493

True

Front 494

True or false. Like vaginal and cervical prolapse, an epidural should be given to replace a uterine prolapse.

Back 494

True

Front 495

How will you position a cow to fix her prolapsed uterus?

Back 495

Sternal with rear limbs extended behind her--will tip the pelvis, putting gravity on your side.

Front 496

To replace a uterine prolapse, hold the uterus higher than the vulva and apply pressure where?

Back 496

At the level of th vulva, just like with vaginal and cervical prolapse.

Front 497

True or false. Some vets will fill the uterus with warm saline to aid in repositioning them.

Back 497

True

Front 498

Should you place retention sutures for a uterine prolapse like you did for a vaginal prolapse.

Back 498

Maybe indicated if the cow is down and struggling cause then her uterus is less likely to contract like its supposed to.

Front 499

What are the two times you will amputate a cows uterus?

Back 499

If there has beex extensive damage eg its all torn up.

If the cervix has constricted and you can no longer replace it.

Front 500

Whats the prognosis for uterine amputation?

Back 500

Guarded

Front 501

Why do you explore after amputating a cows cervix (just caudal to her cervix)?

Back 501

To see if the bladder or intestines prolapsed too.

Front 502

Should the uterine arteries be ligated with uterine amputation?

Back 502

Yes, unless you want her to bleed out everywhere I guess.

Front 503

Where do you ligate the uterus for amputation?

Back 503

You amputate a prolapsed uterus just caudal to the cervix.

Front 504

What do you do before transecting the uterus during amputation?

What do you do after transecting it?

Back 504

Place crushing sutures thru the uterus, then cut just distal to them.

Put the uterine stump back in the vagina and place retentiom sutures in the vulva.

Front 505

What else could you use to "ligate" the uterus for amputation?

Back 505

A tube like they use to castrate bulls

Front 506

What are your concerns for bovine uterine amputation?

Back 506

Ttanus status and make sure there are no abdominal organs in the prolapse

Front 507

Why would you perform bilateral ovariectomy in a cow?

Back 507

To ensure a heifer is not pregnant (sold for more money this way)

Front 508

True or false. For the Winkler procedure, the cow has to be off feed and water for 1-2 days.

Back 508

True

Front 509

For how long does a heifer having bilateral ovariectomy have to be kept off feed?

Back 509

24 hours prior to surgery

Front 510

How do ypuerfprm a standing ovariectomy in the cow?

Back 510

6" Left paralumbar fossa incision.
Force your hand into the abdomen
Cut and remove the ovaries
Suture th skin only

Front 511

Whats a colpotomy?

Back 511

Going thru th vag

Front 512

To perform ovariectomy via colpotomy approach, what two instruments can you choose between?

Back 512

Willis or Kimberling-Rupp to transect the ovarian pedicle

Front 513

Where do you force your instrument thru when performing an ovariectomy via colpotomy approach?

Back 513

Thru the dorsocranial vagina, lateral to thE cervix.

Front 514

How do you locate the ovary to perform an ovariectomy via colpotomy approach?

Back 514

Rectally identify and hold the ovary

Front 515

With which instrument will the ovaries be dropped into the abdomen vs removed thru the vagina?

Back 515

Willis drops them, Kim takes them out

Front 516

How do you suture the wound you created in th vagina via a colpotomy approach?

Back 516

You dont, itll heal on its own

Front 517

If ypure removing a diseased ovar. Less than 4 inches in diameter what approach can you use vs an ovary thats larger?

Back 517

Small = paralumbar fossa

Large = recumbent flank approach