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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Categorical Syllogism
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arguments composed entirely of categorical statements. has 2 premises and 1 conclusion.
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categorical statement
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they come in four basic forms: All S are P, No S are P, Some S are P, Some S are not P
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A
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universal affirmative
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E
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universal negative
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I
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Particular affirmative
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O
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particular negative
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(x)
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for any individual thing
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symbol used with universal affirmatives
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arrow
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(Ex)
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existential quantifier, "There is at least one x that"
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symbol used with particular affirmatives
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dot
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Finite universe method
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an argument is invalid if it is possible for its conclusion to be false while all the premises are true
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1. (x)(Hx-->Mx)
2. Hs .: Ms |
Universal Instantiation (UI)
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1. (Ex)Fx
2. .: |
I, Existential instantiation (EI)
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1. (x)Fx
2. Fx 1, UI 3. (y)Fy 2, x |
Universal Generalization (UG)
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1. Ka
2. (Ey)Ky 1, x |
Existential Generalization (EG)
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Syntax
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the way words are put together to form phrases
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semantics
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meanings of the symbols and signs in a sentence
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syllogism
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the conclusion is inferred from the 2 premises, cateogorical logic
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Method of agreement
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whenever have a cause, look for presence of the cause
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method of difference
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try to disprove causal relationship
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joint method
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combine agreement and difference to improve
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method of residues
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effect caused by multiple causes
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abductive reasoning
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inference to the best explanation
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induction
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reasoning from the past
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Consistentcy
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One line of truth table all the same truth value
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