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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three parts of an argument? |
The issue, the conclusion, and the premises/reasons |
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Define a valid argument |
One that has such logical form that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true |
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Define the term valid as it relates to philosophy |
To say that an argument is valid is to know something about its structure but nothing about its content |
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Define argument |
A conclusion standing in relation to its supporting evidence |
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Define a sound argument |
An argument that has a valid structure and true premises |
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Define a deductive argument |
An argument that has 100% certainty guaranteed based off of structure |
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Define an inductive argument |
An argument that is most likely to be true based off of previous evidence. |
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Abductive arguments |
An argument that that determines the conclusion to the best of it's ability based off of hypothesis |
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Example of a deductive argument |
It's sunny in Singapore. If it's sunny in Singapore, then he won't be carrying an umbrella. So, he won't be carrying an umbrell |
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Example of an inductive argument |
Every time I've walked by that dog, it hasn't tried to bite me. So, the next time I walk by that dog it won't try to bite me. |
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Define a strong argument |
An inductive argument in which the premises are true and the conclusion is very likely to be trye |
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Define a cogent argument |
An inductive argument in which the structure is strong and the premises are true |
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Example of an abductive argument |
I woke up and the car won't start,
It could be a dead battery It could be that I offended the godess of the radiator Which is the best argument The dead battery is the best explanation for the car not starting. |
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What are the traits in the criteria of adequacy |
Testability simplicity fruitfulness conservatism |
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Define testability |
To be testable means there is a possible way to determine whether theories are true |
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Define fruitfulness |
A hypothesis that predicts things that are previously unknown and helps us to understand things other than our primary issue |
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Define Scope |
It can be applied toward a wide range of cases |
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Define Simplicity |
The hypothesis which makes the fewest assumptions |
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Define conservatism |
Compatability with previously well established hypotheses |
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Define occam's razor |
If two rival hypotheses are both consistent explain the same phenomenon equally well and have equally predictable adequacy criteria, prefer the simplest of the two. |
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Define syllogism and give an example |
S is M All M are P Therefore S is P Socrates is a human All humans are mortal Therefore Socrates must be mortal |
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What is the structure and an example of a modus ponen |
If P then Q P Therefore Q If joe is a husband, then Joe is married Joe IS a husband Therefore Joe is married |
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What is the structure and an example of a modus Tollen |
If P then Q Not Q THerefore NOT p If Joe is a husband, then Joe is married Joe is NOT married Therfore Joe is not a husband |
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Disjunctive syllogism structure and example |
Either P or Q Not Q Therefore it must be P This cake has either chocolate or vanilla frosting It does not have vanilla frosting Therefore it must be chocolate |
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Reductio ad absurdum structure and example |
If you are not sure of the truth of a premise, put it into a valid structure and see of the conclision is absurd or not Some sisters are nephews All sisters are females No nephews are females Therefore some females are not females |
