Logic

Front 1

Division

Back 1

Attribute is wrongly transferred from whole to parts

Front 2

composition

Back 2

attribute is wrongly transferred from parts to whole

Front 3

Amphiboly

Back 3

Conclusion depends on the wrong interpretation of a syntactically ambiguous statement

Front 4

Equivocation

Back 4

Conclusion depends on a shift in meaning of a word or phrase

Front 5

False dichotomy

Back 5

‘Either… or’ statement that truly hides other alternative

Front 6

Weak analogy

Back 6

Conclusion depends on defective analogy

Front 7

False cause

Back 7

conclusion depends on nonexistent or minor causal connection

Front 8

Hasty generalization

Back 8

conclusion is drawn from atypical sample

Front 9

Appeal to ignorance

Back 9

Premises report that nothing is known or proved, and then a conclusion is drawn

Front 10

Appeal to unqualified authority

Back 10

Citing untrustworthy authority

Front 11

Red Herring

Back 11

Arguer leads reader off track

Front 12

Missing the point

Back 12

Draw a conclusion different from that supported by premises

Front 13

Straw man

Back 13

Arguer distorts opponent's argument and then attacks the distorted argument

Front 14

Accident

Back 14

General rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover

Front 15

Ad Hominem

Back 15

Argument against the person

Front 16

Appeal to the people

Back 16

Appeals to the listener's desire for security love respect, etc.

Front 17

Valid argument

Back 17

True premises and true conclusion

Front 18

Sound

Back 18

Deductive argument if valid and has true premises

Front 19

Cogent

Back 19

Inductive argument cogent if and only if it is strong and has true premises

Front 20

Inductive argument

Back 20

Give proof of the probable truth of conclusion

Front 21

Deductive argument

Back 21

intention to give absolute proof of conclusion