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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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axon |
transmits signals away from the cell body |
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ATP |
adenosine triphosphate: substance used by cells as an immediate source of energy |
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cell |
basic building block of all living things |
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cell membrane |
regulates the materials moving in and out of the cell; is selectively permeable |
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cell theory |
The cell is the unit of structure in all living things.The cell is the unit of function in all living things.All cells come from preexisting cells. |
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cell wall |
surrounds plant cells in a box-like shape |
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chloroplast |
supports the process of photosynthesis |
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circulation |
movement of materials within a living thing |
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digestion |
the breaking down of food into molecules that can enter a cell |
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dendrite |
neuron branch that recognizes changes in the environment |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: located in the nucleus: holds the information for all cellular activities |
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dynamic equilibrium |
a state in which conditions change but always stays near an equilibrium point; homeostasis |
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enzymes |
a protein that acts as a catalyst for a biological reaction |
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eukaryotic |
a cell with a nucleus |
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excretion |
removal of metabolic waste |
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food vacuole |
stores food and digests it |
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homeostasis |
the ability to maintain a constant internal environment; dynamic equilibrium |
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hormones |
chemical messengers that a released into blood and carried about the body through the circulatory system |
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immunity |
the ability to resist disease |
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mitochondrion |
organelle that converts glucose into ATP |
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nucleus |
the control center of the cell, holding DNA |
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neurotransmitter |
a chemical that transmits nerve impulses between a neuron and another cell |
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organ system |
a group of organs hat works together to perform a major task |
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organs |
a structure made up of similar tissues that work together to perform a task |
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organelles |
structures within a cell that perform a particular task |
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progesterone |
steroid hormone that, along with estrogen, is a major female hormone |
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prokaryotic |
cell without a nucleus |
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reproduction |
the production of offspring, either by sexual or asexual means |
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cell respiration |
the process that uses oxygen and glucose to create ATP for energy use |
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ribosome |
the small organelle at which protein synthesis occurs: contains RNA |
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protein synthesis |
the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances |
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tissue |
a group of similar cells that work together to perform the same function |
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active transport |
movement of substances across a membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration: requires energy |
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diffusion, |
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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contractile vacuole |
an organelle that eliminates excess water and wastes |
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passive transport |
movement of substances across a membrane; requires no use of energy |
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photosynthesis |
the process that, in the presence of light energy, produces chemical energy (glucose) and water |
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stomate |
an opening on the surface of a leaf through in which gas exchange occurs |
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active site |
the part of an enzyme were substrates fit and are acted upon |
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antibodies |
molecules that individuals produce as a defense against foreign objects in the body |
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catalyst |
something that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed during the reaction |
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cellular respiration |
process that uses oxygen and glucose to make ATP for energy use |
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denaturation |
change in an enzyme's size and shape as a result of extreme heat or pH so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function |
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hydrolysis |
reaction in which one complex molecule is broken down into two simpler ones by the addition of water |
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pH |
level of acidity |
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substrate |
molecules upon which enzymes act |
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anaphase |
stage three of mitosis: chromosomes separate |
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asexual reproduction |
reduction that involves only one parent |
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binary fission |
division of a parent cell into two daughter cells |
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budding |
a form of asexual reproduction where an offspring grows off the side of the parent. |
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cell cycle |
the series of events within the lifetime of a cell |
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chromatid |
one strand of DNA |
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chromosomes |
structures containing DNA which consists of genetic material
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cloning |
there creation of a new individual from one cell of another individual |
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cytokinesis |
the division of the cytoplasm and organelles of one parent into two daughter cells |
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heredity |
passage of these instructions from one generation to another. |
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interphase |
period before cell division during which DNA replication occurs |
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metaphase |
the second stage in mitosis: chromosomes line up along the center of the cell |
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mitosis |
the division of one cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cell nuclei |
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prophase |
the first stage of mitosis; the nuclear membrane breaks down |
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sporulation |
spore formation in asexual reproduction |
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telophase |
the fourth and final stage of mitosis; when a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. |
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sexual reproduction |
reproduction that involves the genes of two parents |
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gamete |
haploid (half of normal chromosomes) cells that come together to form a zygote during fertilization |
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egg/ovum |
female gamete |
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sperm |
male gamete |
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gonads |
the place in which the gametes are formed |
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fertilization |
the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell that results in a zygote |
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differentiation |
creation of specialized cells |
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meiosis |
division of one parent (diploid) cell into four daughter cells that are all haploid |
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crossing over |
the process in meiosis in which homologous genes are exchanged between chromosomes (to induce variation) |
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natural selection |
the process by which organisms having the most adaptive traits for an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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recombination |
the creation of new combinations or groups |
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external fertilization |
fertilization occurring outside of the body of the organism |
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external development |
young organisms who were externally fertilized will develop outside of the parent organism's body |
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internal fertilization |
fertilization occurring inside the body of the organism |
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internal development
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young organisms who were internally fertilized will develop on the inside of the parent organism's body |
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mRNA |
messenger RNA that has a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the DNA it was copied from. |
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transcription |
DNA gets copied into RNA |
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translation |
mRNA molecules are read as information to build a protein |
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selective breeding |
breeding of organisms to produce organisms with desired traits |
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recombinant DNA |
pieces of DNA from two or more different species that are joined into one DNA molecule |
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artificial selection |
process by which humans encourage the development of specific traits by increasing the reproductive success of individuals with those traits |
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genetic engineering |
the manipulation of genetic instructions to produce new characteristics; recombinant DNA |
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restriction enzyme |
a bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at points where specific nucleotides sequences occur |
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sex-linked gene |
describes a trait that is determined by a gene on the X chromosome |
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adaptations |
special characteristics that make an organism well suited for a particular environment |
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competition |
struggle between organisms for limited resources |
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extinction |
death of all individuals of a species. |
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fossils |
traces or remains of a dead organism, preserved by natural processes. |
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species |
a group of related organisms that can reproduce together and have healthy, fertile offspring. |
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survival of the fittest |
natural selection: those with those most suiting characteristics for an environment will survive |
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pathogens |
living organisms that cause disease |
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antigen |
a protein on a foreign object that stimulated the immune system to produce antibodies. |
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white blood cells |
- engulfing invaders (phagocytes) -producing antibodies (lymphocytes) -marking antigens for attack and killing by other white blood cells |
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allergies |
immune responses to harmless substances |
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auto-immune disease |
condition when the immune system attacks itself |
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stimulus |
an event, condition, or change in the environment that causes an organism to have a response |
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insulin |
lowers blood sugar |
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glycogen |
raises blood sugar |
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abiotic factors |
nonliving parts of an organism's environment |
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biotic factors |
living parts of an organism's environment |
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carrying capacity |
the size of a population that an ecosystem can support |
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predator |
an organism that feeds on another living organism (prey) |
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symbiosis |
relationships of different organisms |
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parasite |
an organism that receives nutrients and lives off its host |
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decomposer |
heterotrophic organisms that get food from dead organisms |
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autotroph |
organisms that are able to produce their own food |
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producer |
organism on the first trophic level; obtains energy from inorganic sources like the sun |
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herbivore |
organism that only eats plants (producers) they are primary consumers |
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carnivore |
organism that only eats other animals (herbivores) they are secondary consumers |
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omnivore |
organism that eats both plants (producers) and other organisms (herbivores): they are tertiary consumers |
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heterotroph |
an organism that cannot make its own food and obtains their food from other organisms |
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food chain |
indicates the transfer of energy through a series of organisms which feed upon each other. (one after another) |
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food web |
series of interrelated food chains showing the transfer of energy in the relationships within an ecosystem |
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transpiration |
loss of water vapor from the stomates of a leaf |
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limiting factors |
part of an organism's environment that determines where that organism can live |
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ecological succession |
gradual long term changes in altered ecosystems |
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parasitism |
+/- (leech/human) |
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mutualism |
+/+ (rhino/tickbird) |
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commensalism |
+/0 (remora fish/shark) |
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pioneer species |
the first organisms to reoccupy an area which has been disturbed by a disruption |
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climax community |
stable final community |
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ecology |
the study of interactions of living things with each other and their physical environment. |
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population |
all the members of one species |
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community |
all the members of the different interacting species |
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ecosystem |
members of the community including the abiotic factors |
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biosphere, |
the entire earth - where living beings may be found. |
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biodiversity |
variety of different species in an ecosystem |
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habitat |
the place in which an organism lives |
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niche |
an organism's role (or interaction with) its ecosystem |
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greenhouse effect |
global warming: increase in the average atmospheric temperature on earth |
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endangered species |
species that are threatened by destruction due to habitat destruction or other factors. |
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exotic/invasive species |
organisms that are imported into an area from another region |
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acid precipitation |
precipitation that has a low pH as a result of dissolved acids |
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, CFCs |
chlorofluorocarbons: thin the ozone layer/ was used for refrigerators or ACs |
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carbohydrates |
sugars |
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proteins |
a group of organic compounds that are made up of chains of amino acids |
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small intestine |
in this organ, enzymes from the pancreas and liver/gall bladder are released and mix with the food to help break it down even further. |
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villi |
microscopic, fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increases the surface area of absorption of nutrients |
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kidneys |
regulates blood chemistry and removes water and metabolic wastes from the plasma |
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DNA replication |
process of making two strands of DNA from one template |
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incomplete dominance |
when the heterozygous offspring has a phenotype that is a mixture of the homozygous parents' phenotypes |
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temperature inversion |
occurs when a layer of cool air is trapped under a layer of warm air; traps pollutants close to the ground |
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platelets |
fragments of blood cells that aid the blood in clotting |
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alveoli |
tiny sac-like structures in the lungs where gas exchange takes place |
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sewage |
organic waste produced by humans |
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erosion |
the slow, steady removal of soil from an area caused by wind and rain |
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desertification |
the procces that turns land into desert, land unsuitable for farming |
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capillary |
smallest blod vessel in a closed circulatory system |
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artery |
a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body |
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thermal pollution |
temperature increase in a body of water as a result of waste heat released by industry |
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groundwater |
fresh water that is found below the surface of the earth |
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topsoil |
nutrient-rich top layer of soil that can support crop growth |
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ozone depletion |
a reduction of the amount of ozone in the ozone layer |
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veins |
a blood vessel that pumps blood back to the heart |
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bile |
a fluid produced by the liver and released into the small intestine to help digest fats |
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bronchiole |
one of several small tubes that branch off from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli |
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bronchus |
one of two tubes that branch off from the trachea and enter the lungs |
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carcinogen |
a chemical that increases the chance of developing cancer |
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osmosis |
diffusion of H20 |
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central nervous system |
the brain and nerve cords (invertebrates) or the brain and the spinal cord (vertebrates) |
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centrioles |
found in animal cells - organellse that help guide cell division |
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cerebellum |
the part of the brain below the cerebrum that helps process sensory perception and muscular contorl |
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cerebral cortex |
the outer surface of the cerebrum; responsible for most of the processing in the cerebrum |
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cerebrum |
the largest part of the brain, responsible for learning, sensory perception, voluntary action, and motor control. |
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cervix |
opening of the uterus |
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chemosynthesis |
production of organic food molecules using inorganic chemicals as an energy source |
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cilia |
small, hairlike structures on the surface of cells that aid life processes. |
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co-dominance |
when the heterozygous individual expresses both of its alleles. |
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codon |
a 3-nucleotide sequence that code for the production of a specific amino acid. |
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dehydration synthesis |
process by which two molecules are joined by a single water molecule being removed |
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endocrine system |
the system of glands that communicate with each other and affect other parts of the body by secreting hormones into the bloodstream |
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epididymus |
organ in male reproductive system in which spermatids mature into sperm |
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estrogen |
steroid hormones along with progesterone - a major female hormone |
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estrus |
"in heat" - the time in which a female mammal is fertile and receptive to mating |
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fermentation |
anaerobic process that converts chemical energy from organic chemicals into usable forms like ATP |
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FSH |
follicle stimulating hormone - hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary |
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gametogenesis |
the production of gametes in the sex organs |
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gel electrophoresis |
a technique for sorting pieces of DNA by size |
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gene |
the segment of DNA that contains the genetic info for a given trait or protein |
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genotype |
the combination of alleles in an individual |
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glycolysis |
anaerobic breakdown of glucose that produces molecules of ATP |
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heterozygous |
containing two different alleles for a gene (Rr)
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homozygous |
containing two of the exact same alleles for a gene (RR)(rr) |
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homologous structures |
features in different species that have the same evolutionary origin but may perform different functions at present. |
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hypothalamus |
region in the brain that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary -maintains homeostasis in the neuroendocrine system |
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independent assortment |
idea that each character for a treat is inherited independently of any other character for a trait. |
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interspecies competition |
competition between two or more species |
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intraspecies competition |
competition between members of the same species |
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larynx |
the part of the respiratory system that contains the voice box ; contains the pharynx with the trachea |
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medulla (oblongata) |
part of the brain that connects brain to the spinal cord - controls involuntary activities like breathing and heat-beating |
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metastasis |
spread of cancer when parts of a tumor break off and move to new sites in the body |
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negative feedback |
system in which movement away from an equilibrium point is balanced by movement in the opposite direction |
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nucleotide |
building block of DNA : 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
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ovary |
female reproductive organ that produces the egg cells. |
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fallopian tubes |
pair of tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus (oviducts) |
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passive immunity |
when antibodies are injected intern individual to make his or her immune system better able to fight an infectious disease. |
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penis |
the organ in the male reproductive system that delivers sperm into the female |
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peripheral nervous system |
the cranial nerves and spinal nerves that control reflects and involuntary responses |
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peristalsis |
wave of muscle contractions that helps move food along the digestive tract |
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photon |
the smallest possible unit of light energy |
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placenta |
the organ that develops in the uterus of mammals to nourish an embryo and remove its waste |
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plasma |
liquid portion of the blood in which is mostly made up of water and dissolved substances |
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renewable resource |
a resource that can be replaced through growth and regeneration |
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scrotum |
the external sa of skin in mammals hat contains the testes |
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semen |
the fluid contains the sperm that male animals release during mating |
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testes |
male reproductive organ that produces sperm cells |
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testosterone |
a steroid hormone; the main male sex hormone |
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trachea |
the air tube that connects pharynx to the bronchi (windpipe) |
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esophagus |
the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
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urethra |
tube that carries urine from the bladder to be excreted from the body |
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vagina |
birth canal |
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uterus |
in mammals, reproductive organ that holds the developing embryo |
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vas deferens |
the tube in male reproductive systems that connects the epididymis with the urethra |
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atrium |
the thin-walled, upper chambers that receive blood into the heart |
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ventricle |
the thick-walled, lower chambers that push blood out of the heart |
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theory of evolution |
idea that organisms change over time s a result of genetic variations that enable them to adapt to changing environments.
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active immunity |
occurs when the immune system remembers previously encountered micro-organisms and is better repaired to fight them later |
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alveoli |
tiny sac-like structures in the lungs at which gas exchange takes place |
