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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functional categories
det, aux, pron, conj
lexical categories
noun, verb, preposition, adj, adv
preposition
direction, location: up, down, across, into, from, by, with
adverb
again, carefully, luckily, very, never
determiner
quantifying, possessing: the, my, his, every, many, that
aux
helping: can, will, might, could, did
pron
standing in for full nouns: he, she, it, they, me
conj
connect NP, sentences, ind clauses, phrases: and, but, or, yet, so
Prepositional Phrase (PP):
head always the prep., composed of always a PP and a NP (not necessarily in that order)
phrase structure rules
tell us what possible sequences of words are grammatical for any given language
What goes into a phrase
How the parts are ordered with respect to one another, gives us the potential to make sentences that go on and on and...
S -> NP (Aux) VP
NP -> (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
VP -> V (NP) (Adv) (PP)
PP -> P NP
Structural Ambiguity
“I shot an elephant in my pajamas, …how he got in my pajamas, I’ll never know”

-I shot [an elephant in my pajamas]

-I [shot [an elephant] in my pajamas]

The way we group the words determines meaning
morpheme
the basic (smallest) unit of meaning in a language
-meaning must be constant
simple: mono-morphemic
tree, black, think
bound morphemes
–can’t stand alone, has to be added on to another word (prefixes and suffixes usually)
free morphemes
(whole words, still have to be added to a sentence)
complex
blackbird, frienly, receive
root
the last element left once all the affixes have been removed
stem
the base to which morphemes are added
derivational
creates new words out of existing words
inflectional
creates new forms of the same word
retains the same meaning
Inflectional morphology is always added last, after derivational morphology
Never changes the lexical morphology of the word
Allomorphy
phonectic variants of the same morpheme
-english plural
Affixation:
Prefixes:

Suffixes:

Infixes:
beg. of word

end of word

added into the root
Compounding:
adding free morphemes to create a new word, new meaning, do not think limit on number of free morphemes in one word, compounding common to all lang., stress is used to indicate a compound word or ind. Words, in eng. Stress usually on the
endocentric:
meaning is interpretable
exocentric:
meaning is not interpretable from parts
How long can compounds be?
German:
Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften
‘insurance companies which provide legal protection’
Reduplication
Full reduplication & Partial reduplication
-In english, reduplication for emphasis and diminutive forms
Alternations:
basic shape stays the same, beg. And ends of word stay same, middle changes
Suppletion:
completely new phonetic shape
go—went
good—better
Conversion:
lexical category is changed by the context, retains the same meaning, zero derivation
Clipping:
clipping off or deleting some section of the larger word, leads to nick-names
Clipping of end most common

-memo, flu, Nam, sci-fi, gym, shrink, gator, sit-com, pub, blog, phone
Blending:
combining words

-brunch, motel, smog, Reganomics, Frappuccino, emoticon, pixel, bit
Backformation:
formed by removing the suffix
Acronyms:
say it as a full word, don’t spell it out
Coinage:
often brand names become synonyms of generic product
Borrowing:
borrowed word must conform to the phonological rules
to do a morphological analysis:
1. compare partially similar forms
2. determine if one phonetic form represents two meanings
3. determine if different phonetic forms represent the same function/meaning
Open Lexical Categories
(content words)
Noun (N)
Verb (V)
Adjective (Adj)
Adverb (Adv)
Pronoun (Pron)
(standing in for full nouns) he, she, it, they, them, me