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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functional categories
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det, aux, pron, conj
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lexical categories
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noun, verb, preposition, adj, adv
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preposition
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direction, location: up, down, across, into, from, by, with
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adverb
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again, carefully, luckily, very, never
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determiner
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quantifying, possessing: the, my, his, every, many, that
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aux
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helping: can, will, might, could, did
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pron
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standing in for full nouns: he, she, it, they, me
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conj
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connect NP, sentences, ind clauses, phrases: and, but, or, yet, so
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Prepositional Phrase (PP):
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head always the prep., composed of always a PP and a NP (not necessarily in that order)
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phrase structure rules
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tell us what possible sequences of words are grammatical for any given language
What goes into a phrase How the parts are ordered with respect to one another, gives us the potential to make sentences that go on and on and... S -> NP (Aux) VP NP -> (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP -> V (NP) (Adv) (PP) PP -> P NP |
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Structural Ambiguity
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“I shot an elephant in my pajamas, …how he got in my pajamas, I’ll never know”
-I shot [an elephant in my pajamas] -I [shot [an elephant] in my pajamas] The way we group the words determines meaning |
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morpheme
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the basic (smallest) unit of meaning in a language
-meaning must be constant |
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simple: mono-morphemic
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tree, black, think
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bound morphemes
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–can’t stand alone, has to be added on to another word (prefixes and suffixes usually)
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free morphemes
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(whole words, still have to be added to a sentence)
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complex
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blackbird, frienly, receive
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root
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the last element left once all the affixes have been removed
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stem
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the base to which morphemes are added
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derivational
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creates new words out of existing words
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inflectional
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creates new forms of the same word
retains the same meaning Inflectional morphology is always added last, after derivational morphology Never changes the lexical morphology of the word |
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Allomorphy
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phonectic variants of the same morpheme
-english plural |
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Affixation:
Prefixes: Suffixes: Infixes: |
beg. of word
end of word added into the root |
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Compounding:
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adding free morphemes to create a new word, new meaning, do not think limit on number of free morphemes in one word, compounding common to all lang., stress is used to indicate a compound word or ind. Words, in eng. Stress usually on the
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endocentric:
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meaning is interpretable
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exocentric:
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meaning is not interpretable from parts
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How long can compounds be?
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German:
Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften ‘insurance companies which provide legal protection’ |
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Reduplication
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Full reduplication & Partial reduplication
-In english, reduplication for emphasis and diminutive forms |
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Alternations:
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basic shape stays the same, beg. And ends of word stay same, middle changes
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Suppletion:
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completely new phonetic shape
go—went good—better |
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Conversion:
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lexical category is changed by the context, retains the same meaning, zero derivation
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Clipping:
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clipping off or deleting some section of the larger word, leads to nick-names
Clipping of end most common -memo, flu, Nam, sci-fi, gym, shrink, gator, sit-com, pub, blog, phone |
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Blending:
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combining words
-brunch, motel, smog, Reganomics, Frappuccino, emoticon, pixel, bit |
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Backformation:
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formed by removing the suffix
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Acronyms:
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say it as a full word, don’t spell it out
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Coinage:
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often brand names become synonyms of generic product
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Borrowing:
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borrowed word must conform to the phonological rules
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to do a morphological analysis:
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1. compare partially similar forms
2. determine if one phonetic form represents two meanings 3. determine if different phonetic forms represent the same function/meaning |
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Open Lexical Categories
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(content words)
Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (Adj) Adverb (Adv) |
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Pronoun (Pron)
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(standing in for full nouns) he, she, it, they, them, me
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