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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epenthesis
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segement is inserted
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phonology
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the organization of sounds in a particular language. How sounds affect each other in words, which words can happen in which language
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plumonic egressive
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in english: exhaling (lung) (blowing out)
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metathesis
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order of segments is reversed
-childish pronunciation |
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phonetics
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physical properties of speech
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suprasegmental features
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length, pitch (intonation & tone), stress
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shared by all communication systems
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mode of comm, semanticity, pragmatic function
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design features unique to human language
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displacement, productivity
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minimal pairs
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one phonetic difference that makes a difference in meaning
presence = separate phonemes |
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contrastive distribution
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sounds: can occur in the same environment i.e. minimal pairs
-cannot predict where they will occur -separate phonemes |
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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complementary distribution
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sounds appeear in diff. sets of environments
-can predict where sounds will occur -allophones of the same phoneme |
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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natural class
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- all sounds that share some phonetic feature to the exclusion of all of the other sounds in a lang.
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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phonemes
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-a minimal unit of sound that serves to differentiate meanings of words
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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fortition
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sounds made stronger
-voiceless -> voiced liquid -> stop single -> double consonant non aspirated -> aspirated |
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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assimilation
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- neighboring segments become more similar to one another
- more efficient, elimates excessive movement opp. dissimilation: tongue twisters, fricatives: fifths, sixths |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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deletion
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a segment is removed from certain phonetic contexts
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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lenition
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sounds made weaker
full stop -> flap |
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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sonorants
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produced with relatively open passage
-nasals, liquids, glides, vowels |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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pitch
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change pitch by controlling:
-tension in vocal folds -amount of air that passes through the glottis 1. intonation 2. tone |
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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obstruents
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produced with an obstruction of the air flow
-stops, fricatives, affricates |
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stress
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higher pitch and louder voice
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vowels
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tenseness, lip rounding, tongue height & advancement
-produced without major constriction of the vocal tract -can stand alone -carry pitch and loudness -serve as the nucleus of hte syllable |
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tone
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differences in pitch within a word that make a difference in meaning
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intonation
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pitch movements across an utterance, does not affect word meaning
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fundamental diff. hypothesis
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-L2 learning requires conscious attention, memorization, intense study and practice
-L2 learners normally do not achieve native-like competence -errors in the L2 may fossilize (when an incorrect phrase that gets stuck in the learner’s grammer) -adults show huge range of variability in L2 learning ability -errors are different from children’s L1 errors |
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Interlanguage
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rules, grammer, even if wrong, when learning a language that allow learners to produce
L2 learners go through developmental stages at each developmental stage, rules govern production |
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Transfer
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L1 interferes with learning an L2
learners rely on L1 grammar to build a new grammar for the L2 transfer can be positive or negative -false cognates (“false friends”) |
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Influencing Factors
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phonology seems to be the most sensitive to age
adults’ general capacity for rule creation may get in the way of L2 acquisition |
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motivation
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instrumental:
job, language requirement integrative: learn about culture, fit in |
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Language Acquisition
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metal capacities of computation coded in dna
-mistake to even use the word “learning” w lang acqu -how much learned/built in -born with general lang principles in all human lang, have to learn specifics of english/french/etc |
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Stages of Development
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Phonology
Lexicon Morphology Syntax |
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Phonological Development
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children are born with special perceptive ability for speech:
newborns differentiate between speech and non-speech sounds show preference for parental language within couple of days recognize mother’s voice within couple of weeks 1 month: can distinguish between sounds in ambient language and other languages 10-12 months: lose ability to distinguish between non-native sounds 6 months: babbling 12 months: one-word vowels before consonants (easier) stops before other consonants labials alveolars velars alveopalatals interdentals (also follows the infrequency of sounds in the world’s lang) phonemic contrasts show up in word-initial position |
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Lexical Development
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first words:
names other nouns to label things action verbs adjectives with vivid meanings |
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how do children know what a new word refers to?
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The Whole Object Assumption: whole thing, nont part
The Type Assumption: will see others, not one particular animal The Basic Level Assumption: things alike are called by same name, not |
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Language Acquisition
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metal capacities of computation coded in dna
-mistake to even use the word “learning” w lang acqu -how much learned/built in -born with general lang principles in all human lang, have to learn specifics of english/french/etc |
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Stages of Development
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Phonology
Lexicon Morphology Syntax |
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Phonological Development
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children are born with special perceptive ability for speech:
newborns differentiate between speech and non-speech sounds show preference for parental language within couple of days recognize mother’s voice within couple of weeks 1 month: can distinguish between sounds in ambient language and other languages 10-12 months: lose ability to distinguish between non-native sounds 6 months: babbling 12 months: one-word vowels before consonants (easier) stops before other consonants labials alveolars velars alveopalatals interdentals (also follows the infrequency of sounds in the world’s lang) phonemic contrasts show up in word-initial position |
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Lexical Development
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first words:
names other nouns to label things action verbs adjectives with vivid meanings |
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how do children know what a new word refers to?
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The Whole Object Assumption: whole thing, nont part
The Type Assumption: will see others, not one particular animal The Basic Level Assumption: things alike are called by same name, not |
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Overextension:
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dog used for all stuffed animals
= “furry-like animal thing” |
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Underextension
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dog used to refer only to a particular animal
= “his/her uncle’s dog” |
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one word stage
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usually limited to labels
rich intonation juice up doll |
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two word stage
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"mini-sentences"
lacking function words and inflectional morphology Mommy shoe Hit ball Doggie bark |
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telegraphic stage
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longer and more complex grammatical structures
at first sentences do not have bound morphemes or function words phrase structure develops I good boy. Daddy eat banana. |
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Theory of nativism
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humans are genetically predisposed to learn language: Universal Grammar
children are born with principles; they acquire specific parameters |
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the critical period
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possibility that humans must acquire language during a particular time frame
evidence from individuals who do not experience language early in their lives |
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sociolinguistics
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the study of language variation
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Dialects:
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2 varieties mutually intelligible
morpho-syntactic variation |
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Language:
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2 varieties not mutually intelligible
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Accent:
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refers to how people sound
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standard english
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overt prestige, power authority, not inherently better than 'nonstandard'
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How do dialects differ?
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Lexicon: hella vs. wicked, soda vs. pop,
morphology syntax phonology phonetics |
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language varies:
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in phonetics and phonology
in morphology and syntax in the lexicon |
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chain shifts:
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one vowel changes, causes domino effect
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Phonological Variation
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change in number of phonemes
mergers splits |
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Social Variation
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language variation can also tell us about social distinctions within communities
social class gender ethnicity |
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ethnolects
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rule governed and systematic
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Semantics
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the study of meaning in language
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Reference
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Meaning that communicates information about the world
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Sense
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element of meaning separate from reference
more enduring |
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Prototypes:
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works better with nouns than with other lexical or functional categories, abstract nouns
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Metaphor
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demonstrate the interconnectedness of ideas
have a prominent place in our conceptual system Berkley prof: women, fire, and dangerous things |
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Idioms:
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non compositional: can’t look at the individual components of the idiom in order to learn the meaning. Can’t translate idioms.
meaning cannot be derived from the words can’t have the syntactic operations of normal sentences done to them |
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Synonyms:
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never any perfect synonyms, words that have the same meaning
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Antonyms
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wods that have opposite meanings
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gradable antonyms:
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big in-between range
hot/cold good/bad big/small |
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complementary antonyms:
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no in-between range
dead/alive visible/invisible present/absent |
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reverses
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directional
up/down inside/outside inflate/deflate |
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converses
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presence of one means that you have to have the other
buy/sell teacher/student nominator/nominee |
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Polysemy:
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many meanings
-words that have more than one related meaning leech coast diamond |
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Homophony:
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words that sound the same but have different, unrelated meanings
light bank piece / peace Homophones: same sound |
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Polysemy:
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words that have more than one related meaning
leech coast diamond many meanings |
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Hyponyms
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(specific category)
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Hypernyms
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(large category)
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Semantic Change
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the meaning of words often can change over time
sometimes change in one word triggers a 'chain reaction': Meat (was food) – flesh (was meat) – food (was animal fodder) |
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Extension
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set of referents for a word increases
bird nuke salary |
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Reduction
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set of referents for a word decreases
skyline Girl: used to refer to all female and male children. |
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Elevation
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words take on positive meaning
Knight: Squire: now large land owner, used to be attendant to knight Pretty: |
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Degradation
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words take on negative meaning
Wench: used to just mean young woman Silly: Mistress: Spinster: used to mean old woman who spun thread hussy : used to mean housemistress |
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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anatomically separate (almost)
contralateral control considerable functional distinctness |
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Right:
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visual, spatial, emotional, face detection,
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Left:
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analytical, logical, reasoning, desire to explain, interpret, language,
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Broca’s Aphasia
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(=“nonfluent” aphasia)
labored speech difficulty finding words (anomia) word repetitions reduced intonation lack of function words, inflectional morphology phonemic errors |
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Wernicke’s Aphasia
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(=“fluent” aphasia)
easy production of fluent, connected speech appropriate intonation presence of function words usually correct word order difficulty with language comprehension neologism |
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animal communication
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lacks arbitrariness
is not deliberate or conscious is stimulus-bound lacks duality Lacks displacement, bound by what is in their immediate environment, ex honeybees, but limited: timeframe, unable to communicate past, unusual height, great distance |
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Bees
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forager bees can communicate information about a food source to others in the hive
distance direction quality |
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Birds
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In the wild, birds have calls and songs
Dialects: have to have interaction with other animals of the same species This interaction has to be with in the: critical period, to acquire language “talking” parrots: imitation, no meaning no duality do not spontaneously produce new combinations no morphological analysis or analogy: if they know cats and dogs and parrot, don’t know parrots no creativity or productivity |
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Nonhuman Primates
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communication is symptomatic and genetically determined
unable to learn speech sounds not spontaneous often repetition of trainer cueing from experimenters: -Hans the clever horse effect always bubbling under the surface over-interpretation syntax -Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange orange give me you |
