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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Grouping
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the grouping of words into meaningful and functional phrases
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Phrases
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members, or constituents, of larger phrases
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Function
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the relationship of the noun phrases to the verb and to other words and word groups in the sentences
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Grammatical Relations
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concern certain major types of phrases recognized by the grammar
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Subject
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the noun phrase immediately under the sentence
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Predicate
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the verb phrase immediately under the sentence
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Direct object
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the noun phrase immediately under the verb phrase
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Object of Preposition
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the noun phrase immediately under the prepositional phrase
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Parts of Speech
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determiner, adjective, noun, verb, adverb, preposition
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Head (of a phrase)
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the word necessary for the phrase, which gives the phrase its name (i.e. noun in noun phrase, verb in verb phrase, etc.)
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Modifiers (of a phrase)
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the rest of the words in a phrase that specify or modify the head
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Word Order
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the temporal or linear sequence of words of the sentence
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Recursion
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the expansion of phrases by the expansion of phrases, including of their own types, within themselves
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Coordination
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a sort of recursion according to which groups like S, NP, VP, and PP may be expanded as a pair of such phrases joined by a coordinating conjunction
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Abstractness
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the constituents and functions of sentences are not ordinarily concretely marked
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Replacement
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concerns the fact that a group may ordinarily be replaced by a single word
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Movement (of phrases)
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Phrases may appear in different places in different versions of a sentence
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Ambiguity
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when a word, phrase, or sentence has two distinct meanings
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Grouping Ambiguity
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when the same sting of words may have two meanings based upon different possible groupings of the words
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Function Ambiguity
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cases in which an ambiguity is based not on lexical ambiguity or grouping ambiguity, but strictly on an ambiguity of function
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Phrase Structure Rule 1
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A sentence consists of a subject and a predicate
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Phrase Structure Rule 2
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A noun may be modified by an adjective
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Phrase Structure Rule 3
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Every predicate has a verb
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Sentence
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the relationship between a subject and a predicate
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Grammatical Sentence
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a sentence is generated by phrase structure rules (if not it is ungrammatical)
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Universal Grammar
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a grammar valid for all the languages of the world
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Coordination
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a type of recursion where phrase types (S, N, V, Aj) may be split up as a pair of such phrases joined by a coordinating conjunction
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Compositional Meaning
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adding up or relating the meanings of morphemes and words within their phrases, adding and then adding up the phrases phrase by phrase
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Discontinuous Constituents
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phrases the members of which are separated from one another by words of other phrases
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Extraposition
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a discontinuity in which a clause is separated from the subject noun phrase which it modifies and appears at the end of the sentence
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Wh-fronting
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wh-words of English are fronted to the beginning, even when they are part of the verb phrase, and upon fronting are separated from the verb by the subject and an auxiliary verb
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Noncompositional Meaning
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cannot be built up by the sum of its parts
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Idioms
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phrases derived by a metaphor
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Paraphrases
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synonymous sentences (say the same thing)
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Transitive Verbs
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verbs that usually have the cause/agent as the subject and the patient as object
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Passive Verbs
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consist of a form of be plus a past tense or past participle form of the verb
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