Linguistics Exam 1

Front 1

ETYMON

Back 1

Historical word from which a more recent form was derived, whether in the same or a different language. For instance, Old English "acsion is the _______ for Modern English "ask". It may be helpful to think of an etymon as a "parent" word, a REFLEX as a "child" word, and COGNATES as "cousin" words.

Front 2

REFLEX

Back 2

Historical word derived from an older form, whether in the same or different language, called an ETYMON. For instance, Modern English "ask" is a ____ of Old English "acsian". It may be helpful to think of an etymon as a "parent" word, a _____ as a "child" word, and COGNATES as "cousin" words.

Front 3

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS

Back 3

Branch of Linguistics focused on the development of language over time, also called Diachronic linguistics.

Front 4

SYNCHRONICALLY

Back 4

concerned with the present state of affairs

Front 5

COGNATES

Back 5

Word from one language that shares an ETYMON with a word from another language; for instance, English "fish" and French "peche" are ____, as they share and Indo-European etymon. It may be helpful to think of an etymon as a "parent" word, a "reflex" as a "child" word, and _____ as "cousin" words.

Front 6

LINGUISTICS

Back 6

The principled study of language as a system. Also the study of language as a social phenomenon.

Front 7

PHONOLOGY

Back 7

Study of sound systems and sound change, usually within a particular language or family of languages.

Front 8

PHONETICS

Back 8

Description and classification of sounds and the study of their production and perception.

Front 9

MORPHOLOGY

Back 9

Study of word forms and the processes by which words are formed.

Front 10

SYNTAX

Back 10

Systematic ways in which words combine to create well-formed phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Front 11

SEMANTICS

Back 11

Systematic study of meaning in language, especially word and sentence meaning.

Front 12

PRAGMATICS

or

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Back 12

Study of how we communicate in language, with emphasis on SPEECH ACT THEORY; an approach to discourse analysis.

Front 13

PRESCRIPTIVIST

Back 13

person inclined to regulate language as he or she believes it should be, rather than describe what it is, has been, or will be; as an adjective, typical of such a person's attitude toward language.

Front 14

PRESCRIPTIVE RULES

Back 14

statement of what supposedly should occur in a language or languages, rather than what has occurred or does occur.

Front 15

DESCRIPTIVIST

Back 15

person inclined to describe language as it is, has been, or will be, rather than to regulate language according to what he or she believes it should be; as an adjective, typical of such a person's attitude toward language.

Front 16

STYLE

Back 16

1. use of supposedly "good" or "correct" English.
2. specific type of speech, for instance, formal speech or colloquial speech, academic speech or gossip, etc.

Front 17

DESCRIPTIVE RULES

Back 17

statement of what regularly actually occurs in a language or languages generally, as opposed to what supposedly should occur.

Front 18

BACK VOWELS

Back 18

vowel sound produced when the tongue is placed toward the back of the mouth, such as the vowels in "put" and "bought".

Front 19

CENTRAL VOWEL

Back 19

most common vowel in English, formed in the center of the mouth, as in "but" and the first syllable of "about"; IPA represents the ___ differently when it appears in stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. In stressed syllables it is indicated by a wedge, and in unstressed syllables, it is indicated by a schwa.

Front 20

PHONEMES

Back 20

distinctive sound of a language

Front 21

ALLOPHONES

Back 21

any variant of a phoneme; for instance, perhaps realizes two ____ of the phoneme /p/, one aspirated (the initial one), the other not.

Front 22

PHONETICS

Back 22

description and classification of sounds and the study of their production and perception.

Front 23

PHONOLOGY

Back 23

study of sound systems and sound change, usually within a particular language or family of languages.

Front 24

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

Back 24

study of sound in language focused on how speakers produce it.

Front 25

ACOUSTICS PHONETICS

Back 25

study of sound in language focused on how sound is transmitted.

Front 26

AUDITORY PHONETICS

Back 26

study of sound in a language focused on how people perceive it.

Front 27

TRACHEA

Back 27

the "windpipe" through which air flows from the lungs to the larynx.

Front 28

LARYNX

Back 28

muscular, cartilaginous part of the respiratory tract that contains the vocal cords.

Front 29

EPIGLOTTIS

Back 29

cartilage that covers the opening between the vocal cords and the larynx

Front 30

VOCAL CORDS

Back 30

elastic muscles that stretch over the larynx.

Front 31

VOICING

Back 31

distinctive feature that describes the extent to which the vocal cords are pulled back ("voiceless" or "unvoiced") or vibrate ("voiced").

Front 32

ALVEOLAR RIDGE

Back 32

tissue above the upper teeth where the tongue rests to produce certain sounds, such as {z}.

Front 33

HARD PALATE

Back 33

front surface of the roof of the mouth leading forward to the alveolar ridge and back to the soft palate.

Front 34

SOFT PALATE

or

VELUM

Back 34

rear surface of the roof of the mouth, leading forward to the hard palate and back toward the larynx.

Front 35

WHAT ARE SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LANGUAGE?

Back 35

-brain size, intelligence, memory
-food sources
-social behavior: cooperation, gossip
-stand upright (lower larynx, gesture)

Front 36

WHAT ARE SOME ADVANTAGES TO LANGUAGE?

Back 36

-tool making
-second-hand knowledge
-social networks (protection, sharing)
-expression
-art

Front 37

PRESCRIPTIVE RULES-WHAT FOR?

Back 37

-evaluated in school, workplace, and social situations
-occasionally improves clarity (that/which)
-descriptive fact-social control

Front 38

STANDARD ENGLISH

Back 38

-prestige social dialect
-neutral and authoritative
-power

Front 39

WHY IS SPOKEN LANGUAGE PRIMARY?

Back 39

-acquired first
-many speakers never become literate
-many languages have no written form

Front 40

SPOKEN

Back 40

-more variation
-clearer sense of audience
-correction and repair
-shared context
-run-on sentences and fragments

Front 41

WRITTEN

Back 41

-more formal
-physical context
-permanent
-more subordination

Front 42

VIEWS AGAINST PRESCRIPTION

Back 42

-socially constructed-artificial
-arbitrary-split infinitive
-arbitrarily conservative-double negatives, sayest.
-often clunky/pompous-Whom is it for?
-not more logical

Front 43

OFFGLIDE

Back 43

speech sound produced when a vowel moves into a glide, as (repeatedly) in "How now, brown cow?"

Front 44

FRONT VOWEL

Back 44

vowel sound, like that in beat, bait, and bat, formed when the tongue is placed forward in the mouth.

Front 45

TENSENESS

or

LAXNESS

Back 45

distinctive feature of vowels indicating the relatively loose (central) or tense (peripheral) position of the tongue.

Front 46

FRONTNESS

or

BACKNESS

Back 46

distinctive feature of vowels realized when the tongue is placed toward the front of the mouth.

Front 47

HEIGHT

Back 47

distinctive feature of vowels determined by the relative position (high, low, or mid) of the tongue when producing the sound.

Front 48

RETROFLEX LIQUID

Back 48

speech sound produced when the tongue is curled up toward the top of the mouth and air is funneled over it.

Front 49

BUNCHED /r/

Back 49

allophone of /r/ produced when the tongue is tense and placed toward the roof of the mouth.

Front 50

LATERAL LIQUID

Back 50

the phoneme /l/, so called because, in its production, air passes along the sides of the tongue.

Front 51

APPROXIMANT

Back 51

sound made by restricting but not blocking the vocal tract such as /j/.

Front 52

GLIDE

Back 52

speech sound produced by transition from one speech sound to another, such as /w/ and /j/

Front 53

LIQUID

Back 53

consonant produced when articulators are in proximity to each other but do not impede airflow, such as /l/ and /r/.

Front 54

NASAL

Back 54

stop produced when air flows from the lungs through the nose, such as [m], [n], the final sounds in sum, sin, and sting.

Front 55

SONORANT

Back 55

any speech sound that includes "humming" or voicing.

Front 56

OBSTRUENTS

Back 56

speech sound, such as an affricate, fricative, or oral stop, produced with obstruction of air flow in the mouth.

Front 57

ORAL SOUND

Back 57

speech sound, such as affricate, fricative, or stop, produced by funneling air through the mouth.

Front 58

FRICATIVE

Back 58

speech sound, such as /f/, produced when articulators are brought so close together that friction is created as air passes through the mouth.

Front 59

GLOTTAL STOP

Back 59

speech sound produced in the larynx, when the glottis, or opening between the vocal cords, is closed and audibly released.

Front 60

STOP

Back 60

speech sound produced, in part, by complete obstruction of airflow.

Front 61

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Back 61

distinctive feature that describes proximity of articulators and the accompanying affect on airflow in production of a speech sound.

Front 62

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Back 62

distinctive feature that indicates the location of the articulators in the production of speech sounds.

Front 63

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

Back 63

characteristics of speech sounds that distinguish them from one another, namely, manner of articulation, place of articulation, and voicing.

Front 64

DIACRITICS

Back 64

phonetic marks that indicate a value not expressed in the accompanying phonetic symbol or letter.

Front 65

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
(IPA)

Back 65

set of symbols and diacritics designed by the International Phonetic Association to represent phonemes of the world's languages, as well as their realization in speech.

Front 66

VOWEL

Back 66

speech sound characterized by unimpeded airflow and produced by shape of the oral cavity and the tongue's shape and position.

Front 67

CONSONANT

Back 67

speech sound produced by partial or total obstruction of air flow by one or more speech organs, like the tongue, lips, teeth, etc.

Front 68

ONGLIDE

Back 68

speech sound produced when a glide moves into a vowel, as in some pronunciations of Tuesday.

Front 69

AFFRICATE

Back 69

speech sound composed of a stop followed by a fricative, for instance, the initial sound in chatter.

Front 70

SIGNIFIED

Back 70

concept that s signifier represents; one essential component of a linguistic sign

Front 71

SIGNIFIER

Back 71

any meaningful string of sounds, that is, a linguistic form; one essential component of a linguistic sign

Front 72

LINGUISTIC SIGN

Back 72

linguistic entity that joins signifier and signified in one linguistic representation

Front 73

LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

Back 73

innate human ability to acquire and use language, given certain biological and developmental constraints

Front 74

LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE

Back 74

a speaker's utterances in a particular language, as opposed to his or her innate linguistic competence.

Front 75

RECURSIVITY

Back 75

capacity of language to embed an infinite number of elements into its grammatical structure.

Front 76

GRAMMAR

Back 76

structure and rules governing a language at the levels of sound, word formation, syntax, and semantics

Front 77

GRAMMATICAL

Back 77

features of language that conform to the rules of grammar, and that are comprehensible to other native speakers of the language.

Front 78

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Back 78

study of the relationships among language, mind, and the brain, including processes of language acquisition, also called "cognitive linguistics".

Front 79

DISPLACEMENT

Back 79

human cognitive ability, reflected in linguistic competence, that allows projection forward and backward in time, as well as for abstract ideas.

Front 80

SEPARATION OF AFFECT

Back 80

distinction between the factual and emotional contents of language, essential to human language.

Front 81

RECONSTITUTION

Back 81

property of language, by which it can be analyzed into infinitely recombinable parts

Front 82

ASSIMILATION

Back 82

phonological process in which a sound changes to resemble a nearby sound, as when 'in' becomes 'im' in impossible.

Front 83

ELISION

Back 83

a phonological process in which a sound is dropped to blend in with other words in a sentence. example: when 'and' is used before an /m/ sound, the /d/ is usually dropped.

Front 84

PROTO-LANGUAGE

Back 84

language of which there is no written evidence, but which can be reconstituted from the evidence of related written languages, according to systematic rules of historical sound change and word formation; for instance, Proto-Indo-European, Germanic, and Italic, are proto-languages of particular importance to the development of English.

Front 85

METATHESIS

Back 85

phonological process in which sounds switch places in the phonemic structure of a word, as when Old/Middle English 'bridde' becomes Middle/Modern English 'bird' or 'aks' becomes 'ask'.

Front 86

LANGUE

Back 86

underlying, abstract system of language; relationships of linguistic signs to one another both in the lexicon and in syntax of a language

Front 87

PAROLE

Back 87

actual speech, as opposed to langue

Front 88

STYLISTICS

Back 88

study of language as used in artificial contexts, such as literature, judicial and political speech, etc; study of language as art or craft

Front 89

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Back 89

study of language in use, especially in terms of variation

Front 90

DIALECTOLOGY

Back 90

study of variation in a particular language or language family

Front 91

CORPUS

Back 91

any collection of texts from which linguistics information can be extracted but especially those collections designed and developed specifically for that purpose.

Front 92

CORPORA

Back 92

the plural form of corpus

Front 93

HYPERCORRECTION

Back 93

linguistic form, structure, or pronunciation that a speaker supposes to be correct (or formal) in a variety that he or she does not control fully, thus, usually a result of style-shifting; for instance; "they gave a wonderful gift to Janie and I" is a ______ of "they gave a wonderful gift to Janie and me." Also use of such a form structure, or pronunciation.