Linguistics Exam I

Front 1

sign

Back 1

an intersection or relation of form and meaning

Front 2

form

Back 2

something that is concrete (writing, sound, gestures)

Front 3

meaning

Back 3

something that is mental or cognitive

Front 4

communication

Back 4

the use of signs

Front 5

language

Back 5

a sign system

Front 6

Icon

Back 6

a sign whose form has actual characteristics of its meaning

Front 7

Index

Back 7

a sign whose form has characteristics which are only associated in nature with its meaning

Front 8

Symbol

Back 8

a sign whose form is arbitrarily or conventionally associated with its meaning

Front 9

Morpheme

Back 9

a linguistic sign either of the word type or of the sub-word type

Front 10

translation equivalents

Back 10

words with approximately the same meanings in different languages

Front 11

Mimetic words

Back 11

sound like what they mean (onomatopoeic words)

Front 12

Phonology

Back 12

the sounds of the forms of language

Front 13

Phonological Rules

Back 13

the possibilities of combination or cooccurence of phonological features in morphemes

Front 14

Morphology

Back 14

concerns the classes of morphemes, and their cooccurrence in sentences and combination as words

Front 15

Morphological rules

Back 15

express the possible combinations of morphemes as words

Front 16

Syntax

Back 16

concerns the combinations of words as phrases and of phrases as sentences

Front 17

Syntactic rules

Back 17

specify the possible combinations of words as phrases and as sentences of general types

Front 18

6 Aspects of Language

Back 18

-arbitrariness
-displacement
-creativity
-duality
-grammaticality
-cultural transmission

Front 19

Phones

Back 19

unitary segments of the stream of speech

Front 20

Pulmonic egressive airstream

Back 20

created by compression of the lungs

Front 21

Velum (Soft Palate)

Back 21

soft flap of tissue that separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Front 22

4 articulators

Back 22

-laryngeal
-dorsal
-coronal
-labial

Front 23

8 Places of Articulation

Back 23

-glottal
-pharyngeal
-uvular
-velar
-palatal
-alveolar
-dental
-labial

Front 24

5 types of consonants

Back 24

-stops
-fricatives
-affricates
-nasals
-approximants

Front 25

Stop

Back 25

full closure or interruption

Front 26

Fricative

Back 26

the airstream is forced through a narrow closure with less than complete interruption

Front 27

Affricate

Back 27

a combination of a stop and a fricative

Front 28

Laterals

Back 28

are formed with the sides of the tongue lowered

Front 29

Glides

Back 29

consist entirely of a dynamic motion of an articulator

Front 30

Obstruents

Back 30

articulations that completely obscure the airstream frequencies (stops, affricates, and fricatives)

Front 31

Sonorants

Back 31

phones that have sonorous airstreams (nasals, laterals, and vowels)

Front 32

Linguistic Variation

Back 32

different ways of saying about the same thing

Front 33

Speech Community

Back 33

a group or network of people whose language is more or less the same

Front 34

Subordinate Bilingualism

Back 34

When languages in the official and public sphere are the same which tends to render other languages subordinate

Front 35

Coordinate Bilingualism

Back 35

both languages are generally used for all purposes

Front 36

Registers

Back 36

different levels of formality or styles

Front 37

mutual intelligibility

Back 37

when different dialects of a language are spoken and then they diverge to the point of being unintelligible to the other

Front 38

Standard Dialect

Back 38

a recognized dialect which has the most prestige and thus more acceptance by speakers of the others

Front 39

7 Sociolect Factors

Back 39

-geography
-SES
-ethnicity/race
-age
-occupation
-religion
-gender

Front 40

Back-channeling

Back 40

inserting short comments to confirm their attention to a speaker

Front 41

grammatical competence

Back 41

knowledge of the grammar

Front 42

conversational competence

Back 42

knowledge and acceptance of the cooperative principle

Front 43

sociolinguistic competence

Back 43

knowledge of the social significance of the choices between some forms of language

Front 44

Forms of Address

Back 44

a way speakers acknowledge politeness and familiarity

Front 45

ellipsis

Back 45

the omission of major constituents of sentences

Front 46

Code-switching

Back 46

switching from language to language within a single speech situation

Front 47

Vernacular Language

Back 47

ordinary, carefree, colloquial speech

Front 48

Covert Prestige

Back 48

a standard dialect speaker who intentionally switches to the use of social markers; prestige is covert because elicitation will often not be consciously noted

Front 49

Overt Prestige

Back 49

when one uses unusually formal non-vernacular forms in vernacular contexts; prestige is ordinarily consciously noted

Front 50

Malapropism

Back 50

substituting similar sounding words for words which one doesn't know well

Front 51

Hypercorrections

Back 51

one seeking overt prestige of unfamiliar standard language may attempt to overcorrect

Front 52

factor analysis

Back 52

a statistical procedure which recognizes those factors/features which significantly tend to cooccur