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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a syllable?
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A structured phonological unit consisting of one or more sounds
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Contrastive stress...
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changes the meaning of a word (permit v permit)
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Sequence constraints
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rules that specify the kids of syllables permitted in a language
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Open class words:
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Nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs
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Closed class words:
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Determiners, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, prepositions
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What are morphemes?
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Smallest linguistic units that carry meaning
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Free morphemes
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Words that can stand alone
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Bound morphemes
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Words that CAN'T stand alone
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Derivational morphemes
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ALWAYS change the lexical meaning (content)
Sometimes change lexical category |
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What kind of morpheme is this?
King -> Kingdom Magic -> Magical |
Bound, derivational morpheme
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Inflectional Morphemes
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ALWAYS add grammatical meaning
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What kind of morpheme is this?
Friend -> Friendlier King -> King's |
Inflectional morpheme
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-s -es -er -est -ed- en -ing -'s
are examples of suffixes to what type of morpheme? |
Inflectional
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What is a prefix?
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Affix added before the stem
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What is a suffix?
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Affix added after the stem
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What is an infix?
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Affix inserted in the middle of a word
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Does a circumfix exist in English?
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NO
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Suppletion
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When the entire morpheme is changed
ex. go -> went be -> was |
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What happens if we are not careful with how we stick morphemes together?
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It creates ambiguity.
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Morphological system where words tend to be monomorphic (no affixing)
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Analytic/ Isolating
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Morphological system where words often have more than one morpheme, but the morpheme boundaries are fairly easy to identify
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Synthetic/ Aggulating
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Morphological system that has a rich system of inflectional morphology that may or may not be easy to segment
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Inflectional
ex- English averages 1.68 morphemes per word |
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What correlates with use of inflectional morphemes?
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Word order rigidity
SVO SOV OSV VSO VOS etc |
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More inflectional morphology = ____ syntax
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Freer
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Less inflectional morphology = ____ syntax
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Stricter
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Word formation:
(3) Creating words from existing words and parts by |
affixation
reduplication compounding |
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Word formation:
Borrow words from other languages |
Borrowing
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Word formation:
Make up new words from scratch |
Frappuchino
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What is compounding?
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Process to create new words by putting two or more independent words together
text+book=textbook |
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Compounding by affixation... example
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air conditioner
watch maker |
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Compounding with compounds EX
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aircraft carriers
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What is reduplication?
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Doubling an entire free or partial morpheme
(like him or like-like him) |
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What is blending?
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Forming a new word with parts of other words
(smoke + fog=smog) (Motor + hotel = motel) |
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What is syntax?
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The component of language that governs how words are put together into meaningful units
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True or false: Syntax is grammar as linguists see it
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TRUE
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True or false:
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Rules for moving words around in sentences apply to whole phrases, not just individual words
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True or false: The structure of a phrase or sentence can never be ambiguous.
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FALSE
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Groups of words within a sentence are called....
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constituents
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Syntactic units that function as a part of a larger unit
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Constituents
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Three main types of constituents
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Noun phrase (NP)
Verb phrase (VP) Prepositional phrase (PP) |
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Test for constituency:
Can it be replaced as a unit without changing the meaning of the sentence? |
Substitution
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Test for constituency:
Can it be moved as a unit without changing the meaning of the sentence? |
Movement
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Test for constituency:
Can you use a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or) to join it with a similar unit? |
Coordination
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Test for constituency:
Can it stand alone as an answer to a question? |
Independence
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True or false: A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase.
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TRUE
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What is the property that allows us to expand a sentence almost endlessly?
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Recursion- one of the fundamental properties of human language
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What is an oblique?
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Noun phrase dominated by the prepositional phrase
"the object of the preposition" The cat jumped over the MOUSE. |
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Types of verbs:
Verbs that only have a subject |
Intransitive ex: I run.
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Types of verbs:
Verbs that have one object |
Transitive
ex. She ATE -> food. |
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Types of verbs:
Verbs that have two objects |
Ditransitive
ex. I gave my friend a present. |
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What is a clause?
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A syntactic unit consisting of a verb and its noun phrase
Four types. |
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Types of clauses:
One verb, subject, noun phrase |
Simple
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Types of clauses:
independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction |
coordinate clause
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Types of clauses:
Represent clauses that occur inside other clauses "that" |
embedded clause
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Types of clauses:
typically embedded inside NP and modify the head noun of the NP |
relative clause
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Types of clauses:
Clauses embedded inside a larger clause |
subordinate
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Languages are classified as head-initial or head-final depending on which order is most common among constituents in that language.
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Languages are classified as head-initial or head-final depending on which order is most common among constituents in that language.
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Misleads listeners to think the sentence has a different structure than it actually has
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Logically ambiguous
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The whole sentence is ambiguous when you come to the end of the sentence it still is not resolved
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globally ambiguous
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True or False:
"that" is a complementizer that makes more sense of ambiguous sentences |
True
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