Lifespan Psychology - Chapter 6

Front 1

the strong, affectionate tie that humans have with special people in their lives that leads themto feel pleasure and joy when interacting with them and to be comforted by their nearness during times of stress

Back 1

attachment

Front 2

an alternative method to the Strange Situation, suitable for children between 1 and 4 years, that permits attachment to be assessed through observations in the home; includes a set of 90 descriptors of child behavior that yield a score ranging from high to low in security

Back 2

attachment q-sort

Front 3

in Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved positively if parents provide young children with suitable guidance and appropriate choices

Back 3

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Front 4

the quality of insecure attachment characterizing infants who are usually not distressed by parental separation and who avoid the parent when she or he returns

Back 4

avoidant attachment

Front 5

emotions that are universal in humans and other primates, have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival, and can be directly inferred from facial expressions; includes hapiness interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust

Back 5

basic emotions

Front 6

in Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively if the balance of care, especially during feeding, is sympathetic and loving

Back 6

basic trust versus mistrust

Front 7

early categorization of the self according to salient ways in which people differ, such as age, sex, physical characteristics, and goodness and badness

Back 7

categorical self

Front 8

voluntary obedience to requests and commands

Back 8

compliance

Front 9

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

Back 9

delay of gratification

Front 10

a child whose temperament is such that he or she is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely

Back 10

difficult child

Front 11

the quality of insecure attachment characterizing infants who respond in a confused, contradictory fashion when reunited with the parent

Back 11

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Front 12

a child whose temperament is such that he or she quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences

Back 12

easy child

Front 13

the self-regulatory dimension of temperament that involves voluntarily suppressing a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response; variations in effortful control are evident in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and engage in problem solving to manage negative emotions

Back 13

effortful control

Front 14

strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Back 14

emotional self-regulation

Front 15

the ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way

Back 15

empathy

Front 16

a theory formulated by Bowlby that views the infant's emotional tie to the mother as an evolved response that promotes survival

Back 16

ethological theory of attachment

Front 17

an effective match between child-rearing practices and a child's temperament, leading to favorable adjustment

Back 17

goodness-of-fit model

Front 18

a child whose temperament is such that he or she reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli

Back 18

inhibited, or shy, child

Front 19

a sensitively tuned "emotional dance", in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states, especially the positive ones

Back 19

interactional synchrony

Front 20

a set of expectations derived from early caregiving experiences concerning the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress; becomes a model, or guide, for all future close relationships

Back 20

internal working model

Front 21

the quality of insecure attachment characterizing infants who remain close to the parent before departure and display angry, resistive behavior when she or he returns

Back 21

resistant attachment

Front 22

the quality of attachment characterizing infants who are distressed by parental separation and easily comforted by the parent when she or he returns

Back 22

secure attachment

Front 23

infants' use of the familiar caregiver as a point from which to explore the environment and return for emotional support

Back 23

secure base

Front 24

emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self; examples are shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride

Back 24

self-conscious emotions

Front 25

identification of the self as a physically unique being

Back 25

self-recognition

Front 26

caregiving involving prompt, consistent, and appropriate responding to infant signals

Back 26

sensitive caregiving

Front 27

an infant's distressed reaction to the departure of the familiar caregiver

Back 27

separation anxiety

Front 28

a child whose temperament is such that he or she is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly when faced with new experiences

Back 28

slow-to-warm-up child

Front 29

relying on a trusted person's emotional reaction to decide how to respond in an uncertain situation

Back 29

social referencing

Front 30

the smile evoked by the stimulus of the human face; first appears between 6-10 weeks

Back 30

social smile

Front 31

a laboratory procedure involving short separations from and reunions with the parent that assesses the quality

Back 31

Strange Situation

Front 32

the infant's expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults; appears in many babies after 6 months of age

Back 32

stranger anxiety

Front 33

early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation; reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity; self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity

Back 33

temperament

Front 34

a child whose temperament is such that he or she displays positive emotion to and approaches novel stimuli

Back 34

uninhibited, or sociable, child