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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the period from approximately age 20-40
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early adulthood
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the period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid 20's
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emerging adulthood
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the natural and physical decline brought about by aging
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senescence
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the CDC say people should participate in at least __ min of physical activity at least __ days a week
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30, 5
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the __ the fitness level, the __ the death rate tends to be for both men and women
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greater, lower
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a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium
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osteoporosis
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the point that illness and disease overtake accidents as the leading cause of death
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35
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physical declines brought about by environmental factors of behavioral choices
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secondary aging
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__ is the most frequent cause of death for black males and the seocnd most frequent cause of death for hispanic males
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homicide
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__ of adults are obese
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1/3
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the physical and emotional resonse to events that threaten or challenge us
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stress
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the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological facotrs
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
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primary appraisal
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the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resrouces are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor
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secondary appraisal
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the organs, glands, and cels that are they body's line of defense against disease
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immune system
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medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological emotional, and physical difficultires
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psychosomatic disorders
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the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
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coping
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managing a threating situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful
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problem-focused coping
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the conscious regulation of emotion
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emotion-focused copoing
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assistance and comfort supplied by others
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social support
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copoing that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation
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defensive coping
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a personality characteristic asociated with a lower rate of stress related illness
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hardiness
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when people unconsciouly try to block emotions and thereby aviod pain
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emotional insulation
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a persons general tendency to deal with stress in a particular way
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coping style
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the ability to withstand, overcome, and even thrive after profound adveristy
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resilience
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inking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must someitmes be solved in relativistic terms
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postformal thought
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an interest in and appreciation for arguement, courterargument, and debate
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dialectical thinking
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the thinking that the world is either right or wrong, good or bad, and that others were either for or aginst them
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dualistic thining
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according ot Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence
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acquisitive stage
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the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attinment of long term goals regarding careers, family, and societal contributions
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achieving stage
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the stage where the major concerns of middle aged adults relate to their personal situation, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, fmailies and careers
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responsible stage
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the period in middle adulthood when peiople take a broader perspectie than earlier including concerns about the world
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exectuive stage
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the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning
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reintegrative stage
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sternbergs theory that intelligence is made up of three major components: componential, experiential, and contextual
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triarchic theory of inteligence
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according to sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing othrs and modeling their behavior
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practical intellignce
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the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulatoin of emotions
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emotional intelligence
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aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence that involves the mental components used to solve problems
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componential
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aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence that refers to the relationship between intelligence, prior experience, and the ability to cope with new situations
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experiential
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aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence that takes into account the demands of everyday, real-world environments
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contxtual
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the __ aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence is involved in adapting to on-the-job professional demands
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contextual
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traditional IQ tends to focus on teh __ aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence
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componential
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the aspect of intelligence that is called practical intelligence
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contextual
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according to sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior
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practical intelligence
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the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
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emotional intelligence
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the combination of responses or ideas in novel ways
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creativity
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although the number of minority students in college has __, the overall proprtion of the minority population that enters college has__ (probably because of the diminished availability of financial aid
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increased, decreased
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why are so many nontraditional students taking college courses?
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jobs are requiring a college degree
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the change in attitude that can reduce young adults risk taking behavior and makes people focus more on aquiring the ability to support their family
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maturation reform
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a cluster of psychological symptoms including loneliness, anxiety, withdrawl, and depression, relating to the college experience suffered by first year college students
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first year adjustment reaction
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a sexism in which people treat women in a way that is overtly harmful
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hostile sexism
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where women are placed in stereotyped and restirctive roles that appear on teh surface to be positive
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benevolent sexism
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obstacles to performance that come form awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities
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stereotype threat
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a lack of personal identification with an academic domain
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academic disidentification
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according to Erikson, the period of postadolescence into the early 30's that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships with others
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intimacy versus isolation stage
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according to Arnett the period from the end of the teenage years through early 70's in which people are still sorting out their options for the future
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emerging adulthood
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why do we need freindship?
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a need for belongingness
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the theory that relationships proceed in a fixed order of three stages: stimulus, value, and role
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stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory
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a state of powerful absorption in someone
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passionate (or romantic) love
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the strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
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companionate love
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the first stage of the stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory where relationships are built on surface, physical characteristics like the way a person looks
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stimulus stage
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the second stage of the stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory that usually occurs between the second and seventh encounter. relationship is characterized by increasing similarity of values and beliefs
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value stage
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the third stage of the stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory where the relationship is built on specific roles played by the participants
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role stage
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the theory that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together: intense physiological arousal and stimulational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love
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labeling theory of passionate love
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according to sternberg the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness
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intimacy component of sternbergs triangular theory
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according ot sternberg, the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance
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passion component of sternbergs triangular theory
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according to sternberg the third aspect of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer term determination to maintain love
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decision/commitment comonent
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refers to people who have only the most casula of relationships; consits of absence of the three compoents of intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
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nonlove
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develops when only intimacy is presnet
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liking
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exists when only passion is felt
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infatuated love
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exists when only decision/committment is present
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empty love
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occurs when intimacy and passion are presnet
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romantic love
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when intimacy and decision/commitment occur iontly
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companionate love
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when two people experience __ they are drawn together physically and emotionally, but the do not necessarily view the relationship as lasting. __ on the other hand, may occur in long lasting relationships in which physical passion has taken a back seat
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romantic love, companionate love
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exists when passion and decision /commitment, without intimacy are present, is a kind of mindless loving in which tehre is no emotional bond
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fatuous love
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a love where all three components are presnet
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consummate love
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according to the __, people seeking am ate screen potential candidates through successively finer grained filtres
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filter explanation
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the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics
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homogamy
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the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly yonger, smaller,a dn lower in status, and women to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status
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marriage gradient
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someone who states "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on tehm and having them depend on me. I don't often worry about being abondoned or about someone getting too close to me would most likely have a __
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secure attachment style
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someone who states: I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to thers; I find it difficult to trust them completley, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nevous when anyone gets too close, and ofen love partners want me to become more intimate than I feel comfortable being" would most likely have a __
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avoidant attachment style
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someone who states "I find that others are relucant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to merge completely witha nother person, and this desire sometimes scares people away" would most likely have a __
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ambivalent style of attachment
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couples living together without being married
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cohabitatoin
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three factors that permit couples to successfully weather the stress that follows the birth of a child
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working to build fondness and affection toward each other, remaining aware of events in each others life and resopnding ot those events, considering problems as controllable and solvable
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parents who work together as a __ thoughtflly adopting comon childrearing goals and strategies are more apt to be statisfied with their parenting roles
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coparenting team
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living alone without an intimate partner
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singlehood
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according to Valieant, a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 and 40 when young adults become centered on their careers
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career consolidation
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according to Ginzberg, the period, lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, witout regard to skills, abilities, or available job opporunities
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fantasy period
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the second stage of gizbergs theory, which spans adolescence, when people begin to thikn more practically about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them
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tentative period
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the third stage of Ginzbergs theory which occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to eplore specific career options, either through actual experience on teh job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their chioces and make a commitment
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realistic period
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occupations that are associated with relatioships, such as nursing
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communal professions
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occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished, such as carpentry
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agentic professions
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matched personality types to certain careers
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holland
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down to earth, practical problem solvers, phsyically storng but with mediocre social skills, they make good farmers, laborers, and truck drivers
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realistic
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intellectual types are oriented toward the theoretical and abstract. although not particularly good with poeple, they are well suited to careers in math and science
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intellectual
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people with this personality type have strong verbal skills and are good with people. they make good salespersons, teachers, and counselors
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social
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these personality types perfer highly sturctured tasks. they make good clerks, secretaires and bank tellers
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conventional
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these are risk takers and take charge types. they are good leaders and may be particualry good as managers or politicians
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enterprising
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these individuals use art ot express themelves and ofen prefer the world of art to interactions with pepole. they are best suited to occupations involving the arts
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artistic
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an invisible barrier in an organizationthat prevents individuals form being pormoted beyond a certian lvel
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glass ceiling
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motivation that drives peopl eot obtain tangible rewards, such as money and prestige
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extrinsic motivation
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motivation that causes people to work for their own enoyment, for personal rewards
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intrinsic motivation
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teh evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society
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status
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a nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision
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presbyopia
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a conditoin in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced
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glaucoma
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loss of teh ability to hear sounds of high frequency
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presbycusis
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the ability to discern fine spatial detail in both close and distant objects
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visual acuity
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people with hearing porblems may also have troulbe identifying the direction and origin of a sound, a process called __
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sound localization
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the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so
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female climacteric
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the cessation of mentruation
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menopause
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describes the period prior to menopause when hormone production begins to change
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perimenopause
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where estrogen and progesterone are administered to alleviate the worst of the symptoms experienced by menopausal women
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hormone therapy
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the period of physical and psychological change relating to teh male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age
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male climacteric
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behavior characterize by competitivenss, impatience, and a tendency toward frustation and hositlity
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Type A behavior pattern
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behavior characterized by noncompetitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression
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type B behavior pattern
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type A people are extremely ambitious and they engage in __ multiple activiteis carried out simultaneously
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polyphasic activities
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where radiation targets the tumor in an attempt to destroy it
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radiation therapy
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controlled doses of toxic substances meant ot poison the tumor
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chemotherapy
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a kind of weak x-ray used to examine breast tissue, should be routinely administered to women
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mammogram
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instances in which the test suggests something is wrong when in fact there is no problem
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false positive
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where a mammogram does not detect indications of cncer
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false negatives
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because they do not control for cohort effects, cross-sectional may __ intelligence in older subjects
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underestimates
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to overcome the cohort problems of cross-sectional studies, developmentalists began to use __
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longitudinal studies
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reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
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fluid intelligence
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the accumulation of information, sikills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations
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cyrstalized intelligence
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__ intelligence declines with age, __ holds steady and actually can improve
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fluid, crystalized
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certain abilities such as inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, and verbal memory, begin to decline very gradualy at around age __
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25
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the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas
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selective optimization
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the acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area
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expertise
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an initial, momentary storage of information
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sensory
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memory that holds for 15-25 seconds
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short term memory
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if information is rehearsed, then it moves inot __, where it is stored on a relatively permanent basis
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long term memory
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both sensroy memory and short term memory show __ in middle adulthood
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no change
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long term memory may __ in people at middle adulthood
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decline
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organized bodies of information stored in memory
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schemas
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formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered
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mnemonics
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the approach to personality development that is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related crises
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normative-crisis models
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the approach to personality development that is based on the timing of particular events in an adults life rather than on age per se
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life events models
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according to Erikcon, the stage during middle adulhood in which people consider their contributions to family and society
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generativity-versus-stagnation
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a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite
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midlife crisis
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a time of questioning, a focus on the finite nature of life
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midlife transition
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the "big five" personailty traits
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neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
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the degree to which a person is moody, anxious, and self-critical
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neuroticism
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how outgoing or shy a person is
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extraversion
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a persons level of curiosity and interest in new experiences
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openness
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how easygoing and helpful a person tends to be
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agreeableness
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a persons tendencies to be organized and responsible
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conscientiousness
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three reasons divorce occurs.
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people spend less time together, romatic feelings fade over time, infidelity
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up to __% of divorced people get remaired
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80
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why are 2nd marriages not garunteed?
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they may include stresses like blending families, partners are less committed and more ready to walk away, they may have characteristics that make them hard to live with
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the expereince that relates to parents feelings of unhappiness, worry, lonliness, and depression resulting from their childrens departure from home
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empty nest syndrome
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young adults who return, after leaving home for some period, to live in the homes of their middle aged parents
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boomerang children
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couples who in middle adulthood must fufill the needs of both their children and their aging parents
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sandwich generation
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grandparents who are actively engaged in and have influence over their grandchildrens lives
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involved
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grandparents who, rather than taking responsibility for their grandchildren, they act as supporters and buddies to them
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companionate
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grandparents who are detached and distant, showing little interest in their grandchildren
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remote
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generally __ are more interested and experience greater satisfaction in being grandparents
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grandmothers
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__ grandparents are more apt to be involved grandparents
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african american
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the theory that abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults
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cycle of violence hypothesis
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the three stage of marital agression by a husband
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tension building stage, acute battery incident, loving contrition stage
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the __ stage of marital abuse by a husband is where a batterer becomes upset and shows dissatisfaction through verbal abuse
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tension building stage
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the __ stage of marital abuse by a husband where the physical abuse actually occurs, lasting from several minutes to hours.
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acute battering incident
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the __ stage of marital abuse by a husband where teh husband feels remorse and aplogizes for his actions. may provide first aid and sympathy, assuring his wife that he will never act violently agian
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loving contrition stage
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the __ explains why many wives remain with abusive husbands
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loving-contrition stage
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a situation that occurs when workers experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness form their jobes
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burnout
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burnout most often occurs in professions involving __
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helping others
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why people change careers in middle adulthood (4)
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new jobs offer challenge, job they have changed, unhappy with status, return after raising children
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