Life Span Final

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A leader in understanding ecological ystems approach.

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Urie Bronfenbrenner

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examines all systems surrounding the development of a person

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ecological systems approach

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three systems in ecological theory

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microsystems, exosystems, macrosystems

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which ecological system?
a person's immediate surrounds

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microsystems

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which ecological system?
logical institutions, such as schools and churches

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exosystems

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which ecological system?
larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes

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macrosystems

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five characteristics of development?

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multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, plasticity

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development is dynamic, not static and changes in direction

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multidirectional

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type of characteristic:
"humans develop in dozens of contexts that profoundly affect their development"

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multicontextual

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type of characteristic:
"culture affects eah human at every moment... culture is so pervasive, people rarely notice their culture while they are immersed in it."

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multicultural

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type of characteristic:
development is divided into three domains

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multidisciplinary

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three types of multidisciplinary domains

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biosocial, cognitive, psychosocial

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two main aspects:
1. human traits can be molded
2. change is possible (hope) but each developing person must build on what has come before (realism)

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plasticity

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steps of the scientific method

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question, hypothesis, test, conclude, share

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four ways to test a hypothesis

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observation, experiment, survey, case study

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used to record behavior systematically and objectively

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observation

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used to establish cause

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experiment

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3 ways to study change over time

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longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and cohort design

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type of study conducted to evaluate changes over a period of time

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longitudinal studies

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type of study used to obtain information at a particular point in time

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cross-sectional

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type of study when we compare the responses of different cohorts

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cohort design

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intensive study of one individual or situation

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case study

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information collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means

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surveys

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the degree of relationship between two variables

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correlation

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if both variables tend to increase or decrease together

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positive correlation

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if one variable tends to increase when the other decreases

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negative correlation

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__________ does not equate causation!

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correlation

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research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers

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quantitative research

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research that contains descriptions of conditions, and participants' ideas

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qualitative research

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3 grand theories

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psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive

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theory of human developent that holds that irrational, unconsious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlies human behavior.

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psychoanalytic theory

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theorist who developed a theory that includes five stages characterized by sexual pleasure

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Freud

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a follower of freud. described eight developmental states that occur throughout the lifespan

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Erickson

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emphasized observable behavior, all behavior is learned, and specific laws of learning apply to conditioning

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Watson

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extension of behaviorism that emphasized the influence that other people have over a person's behavior

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social learning theory.

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theorist who emphasized the development of the thought process in 4 periods of cognitive development

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Piaget

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state of mental balance

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cognitive equilibrium

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incorporation of new events into existing schemas

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assimilation

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change of schema

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accommodation

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multicultural and multidisciplinary developed not only by men of European ancestry but also by many non-Western, non-White, and female scientist

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emergent theories

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an emergent theory that holds that development results from the dynamic interaction between each person and the surrounding social and cultural forces

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sociocultural theory

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the origin of this view is found in the work of lev vygotsky who believed we develop understanding and expertise through apprenticeship

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sociocultural theory

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theorist who developed sociocultural theory

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vygotsky

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skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring, but cannot master without help``

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zone of proximal development

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an emergent theory of development that considers both the genetic origins of behavior (within each person and within each species) and the direct, systematic influences that environmental forces have over time on genes

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epigenetic theory

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the process by which humans and other organisms gradually adjust to their environment

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selective adaptation

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biggest debate of all theories

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nature vs nurture

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molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins

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DNA

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a molecule of DNA that contains the instructions to make proteins. Humans have 46 of them

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chromosomes

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the code for making a human being

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genome

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a section of chromosomes and the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a string of chemicals that code for the manufacture of certain proteins

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genes

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a reproductive cell that is a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote.

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gamete

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conception occurs when a sperm and an ovum unite to form ________

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sygote

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process of cell division

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mitosis

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when major organ systems are formed, the developing human is called an ___________

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embryo

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twins that result from two sperm penetrating two ova and share 50% of their genes

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dizygotic

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twins that origniate from one sygote and share 100% genes

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monozygotic

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twin that originates from a live organism

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clone

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general term for the thechnique designed to help infertile couples conceve and then sustain a pregnancy

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assisted reproduction

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the observable characteristic of a person

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phenotype

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the organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

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genotype

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a person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype

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carrier

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having three copies of a single chromosome

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trisomy

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a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with the three rather than two chromosomes at the 21st position.

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down syndrome

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when the allele is expressed in both homozygous and herozygous conditions

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dominance

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will have an effect only when a person has two recessive genes one from mother and one from father

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recessive

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three main periods of prenatal development

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germinal, embryonic, fetal

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the first 14 days starting with conception

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germinal

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3rd through 8th week it undergoes major organ development

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embryo

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from 9th week until birth, sex organs develop

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fetus

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a science of risk analysis, the study of birth defects

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teratology

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agents and conditions that cna cause abnormal development

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teratogens

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a situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doeses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain threshold

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threshold effect

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the result of a combination of teratogens. Sometimes risk is greatly magnified when an embryo or fetus is exposed to more than one terratogen at the same time

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interaction effect

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what does apgar stand for?

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appearnace = color
pulse = heart rate
grimace =reflexes
activity = muscle tone
respiration = respiratory effort

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a lack of oxygen that if prolonged during birth can cause brain damage or death to the baby

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anoxia

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a compulsiveness about daily routines in early childhood

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just right

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the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

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myelination

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a long band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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corpus callosum

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literally it means sidedness; the specialization of certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity

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lateralization

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side of the brain that uses logic, is detail orientated, facts rule, words and language, present and ast, math and siene,

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left brain

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side of the brain that uses feeling, big picture orientated, imagination rules, symbols and images, present and future, philosophy and religion

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right brain

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an area of the front part of the brain's outer layer under the forehead

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prefrontal cortex or frontal cortex

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a tiny brain structure that registers emotion particularly fear and anxiety

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amygdala

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a brain structure that is central processor of memory especially of emotional responses

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hippocampus

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a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

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hypothalamus

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actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstances, such as injury, disease, or abuse

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primary prevention

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actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it his a pedestrian

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secondary prevention

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actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event such as illness or injury occurs, and are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

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tertiary prevention

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intentional harm to or avoidable endangerement of, anyone under 18 years of age

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child maltreatment

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deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

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child abuse

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failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

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child neglet

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harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

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reported maltreatment

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harm or endangerment that been reported, investigated, and verified

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substantiated maltreatment

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a delayed reaction to a trauma

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post traumatic stress disorder

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piaget's stage that refers to 2-6 years old.

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preoperational intelligence

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tendency of preshoolers to focus on one aspect of a problem/situation

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centration

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form of centration in which the child views the world exclusively from his or her own perspective

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egocentrism

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understanding of the world in terms of either/or black or white thinking

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static reasoning

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the idea that the amount of a substance remains the same and the appearance of changes

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conservation

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the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

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theory-theory

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a person's theory of what other people might be thinking

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theory of mind

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a time when a certain development must happen if it is ever to happen

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critical period

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a time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen and happens most easily

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sensitive period

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the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meaning

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fast-mapping

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used to describe other objects in the same category

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logical extension

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the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, so that the language is made to seem more regular than it actually is

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overregularization

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Erickson's third stage of psychosocial crisis when children begin to start new activities and they feel guilty when they fail

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initiative vs. guilt

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_____ is when people blame themselves because they have done something wrong.

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guilt

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______ is when people feel that others are blaming them

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shame

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illness or disorder that involves the mind

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psychopathology

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feelings of anger, distrust, dislikes, or even hatred toward another person

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antipathy

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hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has

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instrumental aggression

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an impulsive retaliation for another's person's intentional or accidental actions, verbal or physical

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reactive aggression

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unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

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bullying aggression

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child rearing with high behavioral standards punishment of misconduct and low communication

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authoritarian parenting

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child rearing with high nurturance and communication but rare punishment, guidance, or control

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permissive parenting

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child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

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authoritative parenting

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biological differences between males and femailes in organs, hormones, and body type

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sex differences

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differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that originate in culture

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gender differences

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the unconscious desire of girls to replace theri mother and win their father's exclusive love

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electra complex

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the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's exclusive love

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oedipus complex

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a balance, within a person, of traditionally male and female psychological characteristics

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androgyny

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our traits and behaviors are the result of interactions between genes and early experiences ... not just for individual but for the human race as a whole

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epigenetic theory

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the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

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selective attention

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a process in which repetition of a sequene of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought

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automatization

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the potential to master a particular skill or to learn a particular body of knowledge

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aptitude

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a measure of mastery or proficiency in a particular subject

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achievement test

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the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

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flynn effect

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an IQ test designed for school age children

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

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theorist who developed a theory of brain development

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Sternberg

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three types of intelligence according to Sternberg

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academic, creative, practical

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What are Gardner's 8 intelligences?

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linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

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a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentration for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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unusual difficulty with reading thought to be result of some neurological underdevelopment

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dyslexia

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a developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to acquire normal speech

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autism

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any of the several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, usually communication and abnormal play

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autistic spectrum disorder

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a specific type of autistic spectrum disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and efficient social understanding

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asperger syndrome

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Piaget's stage relating to school aged children that involved the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

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concrete operational thought

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?

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information processing theory

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the component of information processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs also called short term memory

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sensory memory

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the component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely

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long-term memory

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two process by which short term can become long term memory

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rehearsal and association

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combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system includeds selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation

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mechanisms

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thinking about thinking or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.

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metacognition

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the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers

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social comparison

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the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adults

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culture of children

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the process whereby children are taught by their peers to avoid restrictions imposed by adults

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deviancy training

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people who come to believe that they can affect their circumstances this belief then leads to action that changes the social context

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social efficacy

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rejected by peers because of antagonistic confrontational behavioer

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aggressive-rejected

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rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, anxious behavior

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withdrawn-rejected

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the ability to understand social interactions including the cause and consequences of human behavior

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social cognition

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the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination

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effortful control

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repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

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bullying

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someone who attacks others, and who is attacked as well, also called provocative victims because they do things that elicit bullying, such as taking a bully's pencil

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bully-victim

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a time between the first on rush of hormones and full adult physical development. generally lasts 3-5 years

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puberty

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a girl's first menstral period, signally that she has begun ovulation. pregnancy is bilogically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after it starts

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menarche

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a boy's first ejaculation of sperm. erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculations signals sperm production
spermache occurs druing sleep or via stimulation

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spermarche

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paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males) that produce hormones and gametes

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gonads

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a sex hormone considered the chief estrogen
females produce more than males do

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estradiol

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a sex hormone, the best known of the angrogens (male hormones) secreted in far greater amounts in males than by females

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testosterone

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a gland that produces many hormones including those that regulate growth

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pituitary

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two glands, located above kidneys that produce hormones (including the stress hormone)

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adrenal glands

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a route followed by many kinds of hormones to trigger the changes of puberty and to regulate stress, growth, slee, appetite, sexual excitement, and various other bodily changes

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HPA axis (hypothalaus-pituitary-adrenal-axis)

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the second set of changes turns boys into men and girls into women

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sexual maturation

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the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

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primary sex characteristics

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physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a women's breast

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secondary sex characteristics

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this part of the brain controls fear, emotional impulse and matures before the prefrontal cortex

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the limbic system

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this part of the brain controls planning ahead, emotional regulation

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prefrontal cortex

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the process of weeding out unnecessary connections and strengthening the important ones based on the child's experiences.

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pruning

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a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others

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adolescent egocentrism

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an adolescent's egocentri conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal

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invincibility fable

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the other people who in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance ideas and behavior

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imaginary audience

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piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

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formal operational thought

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reasoning that includes propositions possibilities that may not reflect reality

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hypothetical thought

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reasoning form one or more specific experience or facts to a general conclusion, may be less cognitively advanced than deduction - bottom up reasoning

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inductive thinking

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reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principal, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics - top - down thinking.

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deductive reasoning

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thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation - past experiences, cultural assumptions, and sudden impulses are the precursers of intuitive thought - contextualized or experiential thought

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intuitive thoughts

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thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts... analytic thought depends on logic and rationality

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analytic thought

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the belief that time or money has already been invested in something, then more time or money should be invested

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sunk cost fallacy

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Erickson's 5 stage of developent in which the person tries the gigure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of the many possible roles to adopt.

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identity vs. role confusion

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four arenas of identity

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religious, sexual/gender, political/ethnic, vocational

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a group of adolescents mad up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders

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clique

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a large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily related

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crowd

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social pressure to conform to peer activities

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peer pressure

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ongoing, active process by whereby adolescents select friends based on shared interests and values

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peer selection

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encouragement adolescents give one another to partake in activities or behaviors they would not otherwise do alone - constructive or destructive

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peer facilitation

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a situation in which two or more unrelated illnesses or disorders occur at the same time

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comorbidity

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the adjustment of the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium

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homeostasis

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the capacity of young adult's organs to allow the body to cope with stress

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organ reserve

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a serious eating disorder in which a person restricts eating to the point of emaciation and possible starvation

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anorexia nervosa

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an eating disorder in which the person, more often female, engages in repeatedly in episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior to makeup for the binging (fasting, purging, exercising( 2 sub types purging and non-purging)

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bulimia nervosa

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occupations or recreational activites that require a degree of risk or danger

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edgework

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the tendency to under value or downright ignore future consequences and rewards in favor of immediate gratification

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delay discounting

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3 ways that cognitive development can be defined by

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stage approach, psychometric approach, information-processing approach

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analyzes intelligence by means of IQ tests and other measures

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psychometric approach

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studies how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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information-processing approach

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Piaget's fourth stage that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical

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postformal thought

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thinking that rises from personal experiences and perceptions of an individual

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subjective thought

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devalues subjective feelings, personal faith, and emotional experience while overvaluing objective, logical thinking

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objective thought

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a very advanced cognitive process characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis.

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dialectical thought

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a proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking

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thesis

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a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis. the second stage of the process of dialectal thinking

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antithesis

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a new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth

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synthesis

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three steps of postformal thought

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thesis, antithesis, synthesis

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who designed the defining issues test that assesses respondents level of moral devlopment by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas

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James Rest

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first two stages of faith according to James Fowler

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1. intuitive projective faith
2. mythic-literal faith

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stage 3 and 4 of stages of faith

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3. synthetic-conventional faith
4. individual-reflective faith

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stage 5 and 6 of stages of faith according to James Fowler

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5. conjunctive faith
6. universalizing faith

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6th Erickson's stage of development... adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing way.

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intimacy vs. isolation

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marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin

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homogamy

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marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin.

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heterogamy

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the similarity of a couple's leisure interests and role preferences.

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social homogamy

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the view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benefits one receives and minimizing the costs one pays

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social exchange theory

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spouse abuse in which violent methods of accelerating intensity to isolate,degrade, and punish the wife

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intimate terrorism

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the view that mental disorders such as schizophrenia are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) with stressful environmental factors and life events

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diathesis-stress model

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a gradual physical decline related to aging...hapens to everyone in every body part but the rate of decline is highly visible

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senescence

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the time in middle age, usually around 50 when a woman's menstrual periods cease

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menopause

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signify a drop in testosterone levels in older man which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass and can also be relatedto depressed mood, mood swings, nervousness, fatigue, among other things.

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andropause

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disease as a measure of health, morbidity refers to the rate of disease o all kinds of given population - physical and emotional acute and chronic.

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morbidity

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long-term difficulty in performing normal activities

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disability

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a measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic

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vitality

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a way of comparing mere survival without vitality to survival with good health

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quality adjusted life years

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a measure of the impact that disability has on quality of life

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disability-adjusted life years

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an expert is notably more skilled, proficient, and knowledgeable at a particular task than the average person

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cognitive expertise

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what are the two types of intelligence in the Cattell Theory

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fluid and crystallized

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the ability to think and reason abstractly and solv problems (basic mental abilities) ex: solving puzzles and coming up with problem solving strategies

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fluid

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learning from past experiences. situations that require this: reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. based upon facts and is rooted in experiences. becomes stronger with age and accumulates new knowledge and understanding.

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crystallized

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the theory, developed by Pual and Margeret Baltes, that people try to maintain balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities that they can already do well

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selective optimization with compensation

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someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful to them

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selective expert

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refers to the idea that the stages of life and behaviors appropriate to them are set by social standards rather than by biological maturation

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social clock

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a period of unusual anxiety, radical reexamination, and sudden transformation that is widely associated with middle age but which actually has more to do with developmental history than with chronological age

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midlife crisis

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what are the big five?

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openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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a tendency for men and women to become more similar as they move through middle age in terms of gender roles and stereotypes

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gender convergence

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collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even stragers who move through life with an individual

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social convoy

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a term used to describe someone who becomes accepted as a part of a family to whom he or she has no blood relationship

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fictive kin

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a time in the lives of parents when their grown children leave the family home to pursue their own lives

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empty nest

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when adults seek to be productive in a caring way, usually through work or parenthood

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generativity vs. stagnation

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a term for a generation of middle aged people who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of younger and older generations

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sandwich generation

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the total, combined burden, of stress and disease that an individual must cope with

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allostatic load

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a prejudice in which people are characterized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age

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ageism

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a condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with short and simple sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than normal speech

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elderspeak

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the medical specialty devoted to aging adults

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geriatrics

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the multidisciplinary study of old age

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gerontology

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healthy, vigorous, financially secure older adults who are well integrated into the lives of their families and communities- make up the largest group of older adults

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young-old

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older adults (generally, those over age 75) suffer form some losses in body, mind, or social support although they still have some strength as well 75-85

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old-old

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dependent on others for nearly everything and at risk for illness and injury - usually over the age of 85 about 10% of older adults

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oldest-old

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the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older

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primary aging

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the specific physical illness or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person

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secondary aging

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a purported mechanism in the DNA of clls that regulates the aging processs by triggering hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair

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genetic clock theory

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the capacity to keep information in mind for a few seconds while processing it, evaluating, calculating, inferring, and so on

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working memory

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a situation in which a person's performance of one task is impeded by the interference from the simultaneous performance of another task

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dual-task deficit

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that part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information - memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes

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control processes

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preparation that makes it easier to perform some action - it is easier to retrieve an item from memory if we are given a clue about it beforehand

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priming

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memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test) usually with words

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explicit memory

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unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations

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implicit memory

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does most harm when indivduals internalize other people's prejudices and react with helplessness

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stereotype threat

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irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease

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dementia

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the most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the information of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain

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alzheimer's disease

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widespread degeneration of cerebral cortex occurs resulting in memory, language, problem-solving.

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cortical dementia

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forms of demtia that general begin with impairments in motor ability. often starts witht parkinson's huntington's or multiple sclerosis

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subcortical dementias

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dementia caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed

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reversible dementia

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the final stage of Erickson's developmental sequence in whic older adults seek to integrate their unique experience with their vision of community

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integrity vs. despair

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theories that emphasize that social forces particularly those related to a person's social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect the ability to function in late adulthood as past stratification continues to limit life in various ways

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stratification theories

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the view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishemnt, withdrawal, and passivity

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disengagement theory

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the view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres - with relatives, friends, and community groups - and become withdrawn only unwillingly, as a result of ageism

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activity theory

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theories of psychosocial developmentthat emphasize change and readjustment rather than either the ongoing self or the impact of stratification - each person's life is seen as an active, ever-changing, largely self-propelled process, occurring within specific contexts that they themselves are constantly changing

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dynamic theories

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the theory that each person experience the changes of late adulthood and behaves toward others in much the same way he or she did in earlier periods of life

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continuity theory

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see the grandchild at least once every 2 or 3 months and their relationship has an affectionate and informal quality

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companionate grandparents

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grandparents who tend ot see their grandchildren infrequently and their relationship is formal and reserved

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remote grandparents

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grandparents who see their grandchildren at leasonce every 2 to 3 months and their relationship is characterized by frequent exchanges of service and by parent-like behavior, in which the grandparent is consulted on important decisions and problems

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involved grandparents

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three types of grandparents?

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companionate, remote, involved

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people over age 65 who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively impaired

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frail elderly

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actions that are important to daily living

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activities of daily life (adl)

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Piaget's term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills during the first stage of cognitive development

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sensorimotor intelligence

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the realization that objects (including people still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard)

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object permanence

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the stage five toddler age 12-18 months who experiments withou anticipating results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration

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little scientist

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a sequence in which an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later

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deferred imitation

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the process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it

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habituation

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a perspective that compares human thinking to computer analysis of data

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information-processing

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an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment

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affordance

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an experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another

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visual cliff

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high pitched simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants

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child directed speech

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hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

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language acquisition device (LAD)

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one's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

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self-awareness